Central Dogma Part 1 Flashcards
(119 cards)
1
Q
Ability to coordinate a wide variety of
chemical reactions that makes a cell “a cell”
A
Metabolic Regulation
2
Q
Metabolic Regulation Key Feature:
A
flow and control of information
Similar to computers
Information storage, processing and transmission
3
Q
Information flow and Control
A
Molecular Biology
4
Q
Important Region
A
DNA , RNA and Protein
5
Q
Synthesis of mRNA in the _________
A
nucleus
6
Q
Movement of mRNA into cytoplasm via _________
A
nuclear pore
7
Q
Language of the Cellular
A
DNA
8
Q
Consist only of four letters:
A
A,G,T,C
9
Q
These letters make 3-letter _________ in a variety of combinations
A
“words”
10
Q
These words when __________ represent a particular amino acid
A
“expressed”
11
Q
Or a _______ or stop synthesis
A
“period”
12
Q
Words put into sequence:
A
sentence
13
Q
Sentence:
A
gene
14
Q
Numerous sentences:
A
book
15
Q
___________________ for each of the 3 steps
A
Macromolecular template
16
Q
level language preservation and expression
A
Genetic
17
Q
___________________: strands are complementary
A
Double helix structure is important in preservation
18
Q
Information is in the arrangement of the _____
A
four letters
19
Q
Initiation:___________
A
predetermined site; origin of replication
20
Q
___________ breaks hydrogen bonds between DNA strands at origin
A
Initiator proteins/ enzymes
21
Q
________ strands separate
A
DNA
22
Q
The ___________ is formed
A
replication fork
23
Q
___________ added at initiation site to start DNA synthesis
A
RNA “primer”
24
Q
________ is a small piece of RNA that is complementary to a specific section of DNA and will bind to that section of DNA
A
“primer”
25
DNA synthesized by enzyme ___________
DNA polymerase
26
Nucleotides of DNA always added to __________
terminal 3’ group
27
______________ synthesized continuously
“Leading” strand
28
DNA polymerase must jump ahead and work backward on ____________
“lagging” strand
29
DNA fragments on lagging strand are called ____________
Okazaki fragments
30
Fragments joined by an enzyme called __________
DNA ligase
31
Transcription, Primary Substances Involved:
m-RNA
t-RNA
r-RNA
RNA synthesis is mediated by the
enzyme RNA polymerase
RNA polymerase always reads in
the 3' to 5' direction
32
Necessary parts of DNA become unbound
Transcription: RNA Synthesis
33
One strand is the template for each gene.
Transcription: RNA Synthesis
34
A gene will encode for one protein
Transcription: RNA Synthesis
35
RNA polymerase _________ DNA and synthesizes mRNA
'reads'
36
RNA polymerase consists two parts:______________
core and sigma subunit
37
Three transcription substeps:_________
Initiation, elongation, termination.
38
_________ (in procaryotes) consists of a promoter, genes, and a terminator
An operon
39
__________ begins with binding of sigma factor to promoter region of DNA
Initiation
40
________ vary in binding affinity for the sigma factor
Promoters
41
When the sigma factor is released, ______
elongation begins
42
m-RNA synthesis stops when RNA polymerase encounters a ________ (specific sequence of bases) (can vary in strength also)
terminator
43
______ can be polygenic (multiple controlled by one promoter) genes
Procaryotic transcription
44
__________ do not do polygenic messages
Eukaryotic
45
transcription and translation occur simultaneously.
In procaryotes
46
mRNA in eucaryotes can have nonsense segments, called _______
introns
47
__________ in eucaryotes undergo further processing
mRNA
48
_________ splicing
mRNA
49
__________ make it more difficult to transfer eukaryotic genes to procaryotes
Introns
50
Do not occur in _________
procaryotes
51
______________ is modified by the addition of a guanine nucleotide with a methyl grp attached.
RNA capping- 5' end
52
A string of adenine nucleotides are added to the 3' end.
Polyadenylation
53
These processes are thought to increase ___________ and facilitate transport across the nuclear membrane
m- RNA stability
54
Three translation substeps:
Initiation, elongation, termination
55
In prokaryotes, initiation is the formation of a _________ initiation complex.
30s and 50s rRNA
56
______ means ribosomal RNA, 30s and 50s are the sizes of two parts of the ribosome,
rRNA
57
Aside from those 3 proteins called initiation factors, and the _________ should also be present
phosphate bond energy from GTP
58
m-RNA must first bind to the ribosomes Other mRNA processing steps
In eukaryotes
59
All protein synthesis begins with the _________
AUG initiation codon
60
Initial AUG encodes for N formylmethionine (special amino acid); ___________
middle AUG encodes regular methionine
61
____________; ten nucleotides upstream the initial AUG
Shine-Dalgarno box
62
____________ uses tRNA with attached amino acids as decoders
Elongation
63
__________ on tRNA match the codons on mRNA
“anti-codons"
64
Three letter ___________ of four possible letters (U,C,A,G) form ________ on mRNA (64 possible, many redundant)
"words”, "codons"
65
Three codons ____________ do not code for amino acids and are "stop" codons. Translation stop, or translation termination sequence.
(UAA, UAG, and UGA)
66
Translation start codon is _____
AUG
67
Two sites on the ribosome for the tRNA-called ___________
P and A
68
When a ___________ is reached, protein is released from the ribosome with a release factor (RF)
nonsense codon
69
A single m-RNA can be read simultaneously by ______________
10 to 20 ribosomes at once
70
___________ from ribosome undergoes further processing before becoming truly useful
Polypeptide
71
Sometimes several proteins must associate to form enzyme or ___________
structural protein
72
Folding: __________that assist in folding.
chaperones (proteins)
73
____________: signal sequence = a sequence of 20-25 amino acids on the front of a protein that directs the protein to be secreted out of the cell.
Secretion
74
The signal sequence is _______ during secretion.
clipped off
75
___________ addition of sugars to the protein structure.
Glycosylation:
76
__________: secretion through the cytoplasmic membrane.
Procaryotes
77
___________: transport vesicles - bud around the proteins and transport to the membranes.
Eurcaryotes
78
Three main mechanisms by which membrane-bounded organelles import proteins.
1. Transport through nuclear pores
2. Transport across membranes
3. Transport by vesicles
79
The protein remains folded during the transport steps in mechanisms 1 and 3 but usually has to be unfolded in mechanism 2. ________
All of these processes require energy.
80
______________ is only accomplished in organisms.
N-linked glycosylation
81
____________ pattern is a target for the body to clear (remove) proteins. Non- native glycosylation patterns will be removed. Critical implications for producing therapeutic proteins for human injection.
Glycosylation
82
the processes by which cells synthesize biomolecules and generate energy.
Metabolism
83
the process of breaking down larger molecules to extract energy and create reaction substrates.
Catabolism:
84
the process of synthesizing large molecules for maintenance and new cell generation.
Anabolism:
85
Cells require energy for ____________
synthesis, transport, motility, signaling
86
Energy in cells is transferred largely through ___________
ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
87
NAD(P)+
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate)
88
Different from NAD+
NAD(P)+
89
_________: reduced form
NAD(P)H
90
Electron donor/receptor for oxidation- reduction reactions
NAD(P)+
91
Provides reducing power (hydrogen atoms) for biosynthetic process
NAD(P)+
92
Provides electrons for ATP formation in respiration
NAD(P)+
93
The process by which ATP is formed as a result of the transfer of electrons from NADH or FADH2 to O₂ by a series of electron carriers.
Oxidative Phosphorylation
94
Occurs via the electron transport chain (proton gradient).
Oxidative Phosphorylation
95
The major source of ATP for aerobic organisms.
Oxidative Phosphorylation
96
Composed of two coupled functions
Electron Transport Chain
97
Transfer of electrons from NADH or FADH2
Electron Transport Chain
98
Use of protons to phosphorylate ADP to ATP
Electron Transport Chain
99
Glycolysis/EMP
Glucose - Pyruvate
100
TCA Cycle/Krebs/Citric Acid
pyruvate - CO2 + NADH
101
Three major pathways:
hexose monophosphate (HMP, also called pentose phosphate), Entner-Doudoroff: (ED), and Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP, also called glycolysis)
102
Primary pathway is _______, an anaerobic pathway that terminates with the production of pyruvate
EMP
103
Net Reaction
For each glucose molecule, two molecules of ATP are regenerated and 2 molecules of pyruvate are produced.
104
pyruvate enters the TCA cycle producing CO2 and NADH.
Aerobic-
105
pyruvate is converted to ethanol, lactic acid, acetone, butanol and/or acetic acid (original definition of fermentation)
Anaerobic-
106
Called the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, Krebs cycle, or citric acid cycle
TCA Cycle
107
Pyruvate undergoes oxidative decarboxylation with coenzyme A (CoA) to form acetyl-CoA, the immediate precursor for the TCA cycle
TCA Cycle
108
______ carbon atoms enter cycle
Two
109
__________ of hydrogen atoms leave the cycle in four oxidative reactions
Four pairs
110
______ high energy phosphate bond is formed (GTP)
One
111
________ water molecules are consumed
Two
112
___________ formed is used as reducing power to generate ATP in electron transport chain
NADH
113
These intermediates are replaced by anaplerotic reactions (Greek “to fill up")
Replenishing Intermediates
114
Cells can also _______ CO₂ to replace intermediates (heterotropic CO2 fixation).
"fix"
115
Growth rate can actually be ____________
limited by CO2 availability.
116
____________ can occur by using nitrate as a terminal electron acceptor in the electron transport chain
Anaerobic respiration
117
Many cell can also generate energy without the electron transport chain, but with a lower efficiency.
Anaerobic Alternatives
118
No net oxidation or reduction since electron transport chain is not available to produce NAD+ required TCA cycle
Alcohol and Lactate Formation
119
Generates NADPH (reducing power for biosynthesis) and 5 carbon sugars (makes up ATP, RNA, DNA, others)
Pentose Phosphate Pathway
