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PHARM 110 Midterm 2 > Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Central Nervous System Flashcards

(106 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 5 paired lobes of the Cerebrum

A

Frontal lobe
Pariteal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe
Gyri of insula (deep lobe pulling back temporal lobe)

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2
Q

What are the 4 parts of the adult brain

A

Cerebral hemisphere
Diencephalon
Brain Stem
Cerebellum

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3
Q

What are the cerebral hemisphere markings and their meanings (3)

A

Fissures: deep grooves
Sulcus: shallow grooves
Gyrus: ridges or bumps

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4
Q

What does the central sulcus seperate

A

Separates frontal & parietal

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5
Q

What do the lateral sulcus separate

A

Separates temporal from frontal/parietal

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6
Q

What do the transverse cerebral fissure separate

A

Separates cerebrum from cerebellum

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7
Q

What does the longitudinal fissure separate

A

separates left & right cerebral hemispheres

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8
Q

What does the calcarine sulcus separate

A

separates primary visual cortex

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9
Q

What is the order that protects the brain

A
  1. SCALP
  2. skull
  3. Blood-brain barrier
  4. Meninges
  5. CSF
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10
Q

What does SCALP stand for

A

Skin
Connective tissue (dense)
Aponeurotic layer
Loose connective tissue
Pericranium

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11
Q

What is the role the blood-brain barrier

A
  1. Physically separates neurons from certain bloodborne substances
  2. Acts as a metabolic barrier
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12
Q

What is the composition of the blood brain-barrier (from most deep to superficial). What is the role of astrocyte feet in this? What do they allow in?

A

Endothelial cells (simple squamous)
- Have tight junctions between them that allow lipid soluble molecules in
Basement membrane
Pericytes: (supporting cells)
Astrocyte feet:
- Induce formation of tight junctions
- insulate to change permeability of capilleries

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13
Q

What do receptor mediated and adsorptive transcytosis transport in blood brain barrier?
What is the main note for transport?

A

Receptor: insulin, transferrin, antidbodies
Adsorptive: albumin, cationized proteins

Drugs must be not bound to plasma protein

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14
Q

What does dura mater form when separated

A

Superior sagittal sinus

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15
Q

What is the meningeal layer of dura mater. What does it separate?

A

Falx cerebri in longitudinal fissure

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16
Q

What are the 2 layers in dura mater

A

Periosteal layer
Meningeal layer

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17
Q

What is arachnoid mater and dura mater separated by?

A

Subdural space (potential space)

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18
Q

What does subarachnoid space contain

A

CSF + blood vessels

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19
Q

What does the arachnoid villi help with

A

1 way valve that allows CSF to move from subarachnoid space to superior sagittal sinus

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20
Q

What is the role of pia mater

A

all the bumps & grooves of the brain
softest meninges

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21
Q

where is the location of the meningeal arteries that supply blood to dura mater

A

Epidural space (potential space)

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22
Q

What are some functions of the CSF (4)

A
  1. Gives buoyancy to brain
  2. Protects CNS from blows & trauma
  3. Nourishes brain & carries chemical signals
  4. Clears wastes
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23
Q

What is the blood filtrate produced by. Where is it located. How much does it produce a day? What is it’s constant volume

A

Produced by: Choroid Plexus

Location: ventricles + subarachnoid space

Produces: 500mL/day
Constant volume: 125-150mL

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24
Q

How does the CSF filter?

A

It absorbs wastes and unnecessary solutes (goes in)

It filters glucose, vitamins, and small ions (goes out)

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25
What cells lines CSF. What type are they
Ependymal cells Simple cuboidal/columnar
26
What is dorsal and ventral direction interchangeable with?
Dorsal (superior) Ventral (inferior)
27
Name the 5 ventricles in order from dorsal-ventral (superior - inferior). Name their location as well
Lateral ventricles (cerebral hemispheres) Interventicular foramen (foramen of monro) Third ventricle (in diencephalon) Cerebral aqueduct (connects the 3rd and 4th ventricle via midbrain) Fourth ventricle (pons, medulla, cerebellum)
28
Where does the sigmoid sinus lead to?
Internal jugular vein
29
What are the dural venous sinuses (5)
Superior sagittal sinus Inferior sagittal sinus Straight sinus Transverse sinus Sigmoid sinus
30
What are cerebral hemispheres composed of broadly
White matter cerebral cortex Subcortical nuclei
31
What is the cerebral white matter fibres composed of and what do they connect/communicate to CAP
Commissural fibers: connect gray matter of 2 hemispheres Association fibers: connect different parts of the same hemisphere Projection fibers: connect hemispheres with lower brain or spinal cord
32
What does conscious behaviour involve
the entire cerebral cortex
33
Which cortex is involved in the motor areas (4)
Primary motor cortex Premotor cortex Broca's area Frontal eye field
34
What/where contains the primary motor cortex? What is the associated movement?
PREcentral gyrus Conscious control of precise, skilled, voluntary movements
35
Where is the premotor cortex. What is the associated motor skill?
Anterior to PREcentral gyrus Controls learned, repititous, or patterned motor skills
36
Where is the Broca's Area? What is the associated motor skill?
Anterior to inferior region of premotor area in frontal lobe Motor speech that directs tongue muscles
37
Where is the frontal eye field? What is the associated motor skill?
Anterior to premotor cortex Controls voluntary eye movements
38
What does the sensory area do and what is involved
Conscious awareness of sensation Involves somatic sensation, taste, vision, hearing
39
Where is the primary somatosensory cortex What information does it recieve
POSTcentral gyri receives sensory information from skin, muscles, joints
40
What is the role of the somatosensory association cortex
Integrates sensory input from primary somatosensory cortex Determines size, texture, & relationship of parts of object being felt (determines what is touching you)
41
Where is the primary visual cortex
Posterior, Occipital lobe in calcarine sulcus
42
Where is the visual association area What is its role for the 2 pathways
surrounds primary visual cortex 2 streams Dorsal stream: "where" pathway Ventral stream: "what" pathway
43
Where are the auditory areas and what is the role of the primary auditory cortex and auditory association area
Temporal lobes primary auditory cortex - interprets info as pitch, loudness, and location auditory association area - allows for perception of sounds, memories of sounds
44
Where and what is the role of the olfactory cortex
Temporal lobe Awareness of odours
45
What part of the brain is involed with taste
Gustatory cortex
46
What are the steps in in the multimodal association areas What is the roles of these areas
Sensory receptors --> Primary sensory cortex --> sensory association cortex --> multimodal association cortex Role: 1. give meaning to information received 2. store it as memory 3. Compare it to previous experience 4. Decide on what action to take
47
What are 3 parts associated with the multimodal assocation areas
Anterior Association area (prefrontal cortex) Posterior association area Limbic system
48
What is the role of the prefrontal cortex
Intellect personality judgement
49
What is the role of the posterior association area
recognizing patters, faces, and localizing us in space
50
What area of the brain is associated with understanding written & spoken language Where is it
Wernicke's area Posterior Association Area
51
What is the role of broca's area and motor cortex with the wernickes area
Broca's area forming the motor pattern of tongue Motor cortex develops muscle to speak the word
52
Which part plays a role in emotion. ex. perceived threats, resolving mental conflicts when mad Where is it?
Cingulate gyrus In the limbic association area
53
What does basal nuclei consist of? What type of nuclei are associated with it?
Corpus striatum (striped gray/white bdoy) Caudate nucleus Lentiform nucleus
54
What are associated with lentiform nucleus. Where are they in reference to each other
Putamen (external) globus pallidus (internal/tip)
55
What are the functions of basal nuclei
Allows motor patterns to be smooth
56
Where are the diencephalon and what are associated with it
Encloses 3rd ventricle Thalamus Hypothalamus Epithalamus
57
What is the role of thalamus
Relay information
58
What are the medial and lateral geniculate body used for in the thalamus
Medial: auditory Lateral: visual
59
What is the role of the infundibulum
stack connecting hypothalamus to pituitary gland
60
What are the roles of the mammillary bodies
memory, limbic (emotion) & smell
61
What are the nuclei associated with the hypothalamus and their roles
Mammillary bodies (memory, limbic & smell) Supraoptic & paraventicular nuclei (produces posterior pituitary hormones) Suprachaismatic nucleus (pineal gland) (regulates sleep)
62
What are the functions of the hypothalamus
Center for emotional response (4Fs): Feeding Fearing Fighting Fornication Autonomic control centre for many visceral (organ) functions
63
What is associated with the epithalamus. What is its role
Pineal gland secretes melatonin
64
What is the main function of the brain stem. What ventricle is it part of
controls automatic behaviours necessary for survival Cerebral aqueduct
65
What do the crus cerebri of cerebral peduncles contain (brain foot)
contain pyramidal motor tracts
66
What are associated with the corpora quadrigemina.? What are their roles?
Superior colliculi (visual reflex) Inferior colliculi (auditory relay)
67
What is the role of substantia nigra
dopamine (striatum)
68
What is the role of red nucleus
relay nuclei for some descending motor pathways & part of reticular formation
69
What surpresses pain
periaqueductal gray
70
Which ventricle is associated with the pons What is the function of the pons
4th ventricle Normal rhythm of breathing
71
What connects the higher brain centres & spinal cord for a motor pathway
pyramidal tract
72
What is the main nuclei in the medulla oblongata and what is its function
Inferior olivary nuclei - relay sensory information from muscles & joints to cerebellum
73
What is the function of the medulla oblongata for cardiovascular and respiratory centres
Automatic reflex centre (involuntary) Cardiovascular: - adjust heart rate - Vasomotor centre: adjust blood vessel diameter Respiratory Centres - generate respiratory rhythm - control rate and depth of breathing Additionally: vomiting, hiccuping, swallowing, coughing & sneezing
74
What is the function of the cerebellum
Subconsciously provides precise movements for the skeletal muscle also plays a role in word association & puzzle solving
75
What are the 2 hemispheres of the cerebellum connected by?
Vermis
76
What are the 3 lobes of the cerbellum
Anterior Posterior Flocculonodular
77
What is the anatomy of the cerebellum
Folia: transversely oriented gyri of GRAY matter Arbor vitae: distinctive treelike pattern of WHITE matter
78
What are the 3 paired fiber tracts that connect cerebellum to brain stem? What parts specifically connects to cerebellum?
Superior cerebella peduncles: Midbrain Middle cerebellar peduncles: pons Inferior cerebellar peduncles: medulle
79
What are the relatioships between blood supply & cortex function (name the 3 arteries and its relationship)
Anterior cerebral artery: body/feet motor Middle cerebral artery: anything face/hand motor Posterior cerebral artery: Vision
80
What are the general functions of the limbic system
1. Establish emotional states 2. Linking conscious with unconscious functions 3. Facilitating memory storage & retrieval
81
What does amygdala play a role in
emotion + memory
82
What does hippocampus play a role in
learning and memory
83
Which lobes do the limbic system interact with? For what purpose?
Prefrontal lobes For emotion & cognition
84
What is the role of the reticular formation
Regulate visceral motor functions
85
What is the role of the reticular activating system?
Keeps important things conscious
86
What part of the brain times your sleep cycle What chemical is released to wake up
hypothalamus Orexins
87
Which part of sleep is associated with dreaming
Rapid-eye-movement
88
What are the 4 factors of transfer from STM to LTM
1. Emotional state 2. Rehearsal 3. Association 4. Automatic memory
89
What occurs molecularly during learning
-mRNA is changed & moved to axons + dendrites - Dendritic spines change shape - Extracellular proteins are deposited at synapses involved in LTM - Number & size of presynaptic terminals may increase - More neurotransmitter is released by presynaptic neurons
90
In declarative memory for conscious thoughts, What part functions for consolidation & access to memory? What is necessary for memory formation & retrieval?
Hippocampus & surrounding temporal lobes ACh from basal forebrain
91
In non declarative memory for unconscious thoughts, What occurs for procedural memory? What is necessary in this process
Basal nuclei relay sensory & motor inputs to thalamus & premotor cortex Dopamine from substantia nigra is necessary
92
What is the effect in motor activity of direct and indirect pathway (up/down) What is the effect in dopamine to the both pathways? (excites/inhibits)
Direct: Turns UP motor activity Dopamine EXCITES pathway to increase thalamic output to cortex (motor) Indirect Turns DOWN motor activity Dopamine INHIBITS pathway to increase thalamic output to cortex (motor)
93
What type (excitatory/inhibitory) does each part of the brain have? What do each release? Cerebral cortex Lentiform nuclei (putamen, GPE, GPI) Thalamus Subthalamic nuceli Substantia Nigra
Excitatory: release Glu Inhibitory: release GABA Cerebral cortex EXCITATORY Lentiform nuclei (putamen, GPE, GPI) INHIBITORY Thalamus EXCITATORY Subthalamic nuceli EXCITATORY Substantia Nigra BOTH
94
Where does the spinal cord begin and end?
Begin: Foramen magnum End: Conus medullaris
95
What is the role of denticulate ligaments in the spinal cord? What is the difference in dura mater between brain & spinal?
They are lateral extensions of pia mater that secure cord to dura mater Dura mater is not fused into the bone in the spinal cord
96
Where is the cauda equina?
A collection of nerve roots in subarachnoid space
97
What regions of the spinal cord are lateral horns found
Only in thoracic & lumbar regions T1-L2
98
What are the ascending pathways for? descending?
Ascending: sensory Descending: motor
99
What is the big picture for first, second, and third order neuron in an ascending pathway
Third order: - Synapse/cell body in thalamus - Extend to somatosensory cortex Second-order neuron - cell body in dorsal horn - Extend to thalamus or cerebellum First order: - Conduct impulses from cutaneous receptors & proprioceptors (spatial recognition) - Goes until spinal cord or medulla
100
Explain the Dorsal-column Medial Lemniscal pathway (DCML) What are involved? Where is the cross over?
It is for touch & vibrations Thalamus to primary somatosensory cortex Axons extend to thalamus Crossover at internal arcuate fibres (medulla) Fasciculus Gracilis Fasciculus cuneatus
101
Explain the Lateral spinothalamic tract? What are involved? Where is the cross over?
Pain & temperature Thalamus to primary somatosensory cortex Axon extend to thalamus Crossover at level of entry muscle receptor enters dorsal root
102
Explain the Spinocerebellar tract What are involved?
subconscious proprioceptive (helps with balance) Dorsal horn to cerebellum Lower trunk Muscle to dorsal root
103
What neurons are involved in descending pathways
Upper motor neurons: cortex to spinal cord Lower motor neurons: spinal cord to skeletal muscle
104
Describe both direct pathways for ventral and lateral corticospinal tract
-Regulates fast & fine skilled movements -Starts at pyramidal cells and goes down the internal capsule and cerebral peduncle -Both synapse at the level at which it EXITS Ventral corticospinal tract: Upper motor neurons: pyramid cells to lumbar spinal cord Lower motor neuron: ventral horn synapse and exits at ventral root Lateral corticospinal tract: Upper motor neurons: pyramid cells to lumbar spinal cord Crossover of pyramids Lower motor neuron: ventral horn synapse and exits at ventral root
105
For an indirect descending system Which tract corresponds with the following: Mediate head movements in response to visual stimuli Maintain balance during standing & moving Motor to skeletal muscle of cranial nerves
Tectospinal tract Vestibulospinal tract Corticobulbar tract
106
What are the levels of motor control from highest to lowest? What brain parts are involved? What do they do?
Precommand level (highest) - cerebellum and basal nuclei - programs and instrunctions Projection level (middle) - Motor cortex (pyrimidal pathways) and brain stem nuclei - conveys instructions to spinal cord motor neurons and sends a copy of info to higher levels Segmental level (lowest) - Spinal cord - Contains central pattern generators

PHARM 110 Midterm 2 (4 decks)

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