Central Nervous System Flashcards
(42 cards)
orgnaization of CNS
1) from afferent division of peripheral nervous system => brain and spinal cord => processing => efferent division of peripheral nervous system
2) effector organs: skeletal, smooth, cardiac, endocrine, exocrine glands
neurons
1) afferent neurons
2) interneurons
3) efferent neurons
- millions of them
glial cells
1) astrocytes
2) oligodendrocytes
3) microglia
4) ependymal
- much more glial cells than neurons 90%
astrocytes
1) support neurons
2) blood brain barrier
3) transfer nutrients
4) scar tissue
5) release NT
6) brain ECF ion exchange
6) enhance synapse formatio nand synaptic transmission
7) communication
oligodendrocytes
1) myelin sheath
microglia
1) phagocytic
2) growth factor
ependymal cells
1) line internal cavities
2) cerebrospinal fluid
3) neural stem cells
brain overview
1) cerebral cortex
2) basal nuclei
3) thalamus
4) hypothalamus
5) cerebellum
6) brain stem
- midbrain
- pons
- medulla
cerebrum
1) sensory perception
2) movement
3) language
4) personality
basal nuclei
1) gray matter
2) muscle tone inhibition
2) coordination of slow movements
3) suppression of useless patterns of movement
thalamus
1) relay station for synaptic input
2) crude awareness of sensation
3) some consciousness
4) role in motor control
hypothalamus
1) homeostatic function
- thirst, urine, hunger, temperature
2) line between endocrine and nervous system
3) emotion and basic behavioral pattern
4) sleep wake cycle
cerebellum
1) balance
2) enhance muscle tone
3) skilled voluntary muscle activity
brain stem
1) peripheral cranial nerve originate here
2) CV, respiratory, digestive control
3) muscle reflexes with equilibrium and posture
4) reception and integration of synaptic input from spinal cord
5) role in sleep-wake cycle
cerebral cortex lobes
1) occipital
- primary visual cortex
2) parietal
- somatosensory cortex
3) temporal
- primary auditory cortex
4) frontal
- premotor cortex and primary motor cortex
broca’s area
1) left frontal lobe near motor area
2) speaking ability
3) broca’s aphasia
- cannot speak it out, stutter
wernicke’s area
1) left cortex at the junction of the parietal and temporal lobes
2) language comprehension of spoken and written messages
3) wernicke’s aphasia
- meaningless sound
motor cortex
1) near frontal lobe in both hemispheres
2) larger the area
- more neurons located
3) subject to changes
- use dependent competition
plasticity
1) can be changes or functionally remodeled in response to the demands placed on it
primary motor cortex
1) upper motor neurons => lower motor neurons in SC
- inhibitory signals
- lesions often lead to spastic paralysis
2) lower motor neurons in spinal cord
- lesions lead to flaccid paralysis
3) cerebellum
4) other region
- premotor cortex, thalamus, basal nuclei also regulate motor control
contralateral sensation
1) somatosensory cortex mostly receive input from opposite side
2) motor cortex primarily controls muscles on opposite side of body
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
1) motor neuron degeneration
- both upper and lower
2) cannot control voluntary movement
- difficulty speaking, swallowing and breathing
polimyelitis
1) destroy ventral horn of lower motor neurons
- poliovirus infection
2) fever, headache, muscle pain and weakness, paralysis, muscle atrophy
3) polio vaccine
- IPV (inactivated)
- OPV (oral attenuated)
left hemisphere
1) verbal
2) logic
3) analysis
4) math
5) sequence
