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Physiology Il > Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

The nervous system consists of what ?

A

A sensory part (sensory input)
A central part (integrative portion )
Motor part (motor output )

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2
Q

The nervous system is subdivided into what ?

A

Central nervous system
Peripheral nervous system

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3
Q

What is the CNS consisting of ?

A

Brain protected by the skull
Spinal cord enclosed by the vertebral column

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4
Q

The peripheral nervous system consists of what ?

A

12 pairs of cranial nerves
31 pairs of spinal nerves

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5
Q

What is the structural unit of nervous system ?

A

Neuron

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6
Q

What are the type of neuroglial cells?

A

Microglia
Macroglia - oligodendroglia, Schwann cells, astrocytes

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7
Q

What are astrocytes important for ?

A

Blood-brain barrier

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8
Q

What is a synapse ?

A

The site of contact between two neurons

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9
Q

What are the two methods by which synaptic transmission occurs ?

A

Chemical synapse
Electrical synapse

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10
Q

What are the excitatory chemical transmitters ?

A

Acetyl choline
Noradrenaline
Dopamine
Serotonin

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11
Q

What is spatial summation ?

A

Many synaptic knobs discharge at the same time

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12
Q

What is temporal summation ?

A

Rapid, repeated discharge from single knob

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13
Q

What are the inhibitory chemical transmitters ?

A

GABA
Glycine

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14
Q

What are the properties of synaptic transmissions ?

A

Law of forward direction
Synaptic delay
Synaptic fatigue
Summation of post synaptic potential

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15
Q

How long is the synaptic delay ?

A

O.5 msec

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16
Q

What is the synaptic delay needed for ?

A

For release of neurotransmitters from the synaptic knobs

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17
Q

What are type of somatic sensations ?

A

Superficial
Deep sensations
Combined sensation

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18
Q

Superficial sensations include what ?

A

Pain
Temperature
Touch

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19
Q

What are the two types of touch ?

A

Crude (light) touch
Fine touch

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20
Q

What does fine touch include ?

A

Tactile localization
Tactile discrimination

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21
Q

What is tactile localization ?

A

The ability of the person with closed eyes to localize the stimulated area of the skin

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22
Q

What is tactile discrimination ?

A

The ability of the person with closed eyes to differentiate between 2 touch stimuli

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23
Q

What is deep sensation ?

A

From muscles, tendons, ligaments and joints

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24
Q

Deep sensations includes what?

A

Proprioceptive sensation
Deep pressure sense
Sense of muscle tension
Muscle sense

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25
What does proprioceptive sensation include ?
Sense of position Sense of movements
26
What is graphesthesia ?
Related to writing
27
What is stereognosis ?
The ability of the person with closed eyes to recognize the nature of a familiar object placed in his hands
28
Special senses include what ?
Vision Hearing Smell Taste
29
What is withdrawal reflex ?
A protective mechanism
30
What are the types of pain ?
Fast (sharp) pain Slow (delayed) pain Referred pain
31
Fast pain is conducted by what ?
A delta nerve fibers
32
Slow pain is conducted by what ?
Unmyelinated C nerve fibers
33
What is referred pain ?
Pain going somewhere else
34
What are the examples of referred pain ?
35
What does the reflex arc consist of ?
Receptor Afferent fiber Center Efferent fiber Effecter organ
36
Sensory neurons is which fiber ?
Afferent fiber
37
Motor neuron is which fiber ?
Efferent fiber
38
What are the types of reflex arc ?
Monosynaptic Polysynaptic
39
What is monosynaptic reflex arc ?
No interneurons as the afferent synapses directly with the efferent fibers
40
Example of monosynaptic reflex arc
Stretch reflex
41
What is polysynaptic reflex arc ?
Interneurons are present between the afferent and efferent fibers
42
Example of polysynaptic reflex arc
Most of the body reflexes
43
What are the types of central reflexes ?
Conditioned reflexes Unconditioned reflexes
44
What are conditioned reflexes ?
Acquired after birth, needs education and training and integrated in the cerebral cortex
45
What are unconditioned reflexes ?
Inborn reflexes
46
What are types of superficial reflexes ?
Corneal reflex Plantar reflex abdominal reflex Withdrawal reflex
47
What is corneal reflex ?
48
What is plantar reflex ?
49
What is muscle tone ?
A state of partial continuous contraction of skeletal muscle at rest
50
Muscle tone is present where ?
Antigravity muscles
51
What is the function of muscle tone ?
Keeping the erect posture of the body by contraction of the antigravity muscles
52
What are the properties of reflex action ?
Law of forward direction Central delay Central fatigue
53
What is central delay in reflex action ?
The total reflex time is the time between the stimulus application and the appearance of the response
54
What does the central delay in reflex action include ?
Time of the conduction along the afferent Latent period of the muscle
55
What is central fatigue ?
56
What is the function of microglia?
Macrophages of CNS that phagocytose tissue debris and help in tissue repair
57
What is the function of oligodendroglia ?
Forms and maintains the myelin sheath around axons in the CNS
58
What is the function of Schwann cells?
Forms and maintains the myelin sheath around axons in the PNS
59
What is the difference between chemical and electrical synapse ?
Electrical is faster and the impulse transmission occurs in both directions
60
What does combined sensation include ?
Vibration sense Stereognosis Texture of materials Graphesthesia
61
What is corticospinal tract ?
62
The pyramidal tract is associated with which part?
Distal part
63
What are the functions of pyramidal tract ?
Initiates fine movement Facilitatory to muscle tone Inhibits the primitive withdrawal reflex
64
Where does the extra pyramidal tract originate?
Originates from the premotor areas then descends to basal ganglia, reticular formation, vestibular nuclei, red nuclei
65
Which part is the extra pyramidal tract associated with ?
Proximal part
66
What are the functions of extra pyramidal tracts ?
Control gross movement Provide postural background Responsible for subconscious associated movements Regulation of muscle tone
67
What are he two neurons the motor pathways include?
68
In which motor neuron are the reflexes exaggerated ?
Upper motor neuron
69
In which motor neuron are the reflexes low?
Lower motor neuron
70
What are the cerebellum functions ?
Control of equilibrium and postural movements Control of voluntary movements
71
What is included in control voluntary movement function if the cerebellum ?
Servo-comparator function - comparing plan with performance Damping (stopping) of movements - cerebellum acts as a brake to stop the movement precisely at the intended point Control of ballistic movements - very rapid movement Planning of sequential movements - smooth transition from one sequence of movement to the next
72
Cerebellum functions can be tested by what?
73
What is the function of the brain in communication ?
Sensory part (language input) - involves ears and eyes Motor aspect (language output) - involves vocalization
74
What is associated learning ?
Developed by repeatedly pairing of a stimulus with another one
75
What are the two main forms of memory ?
Implicit memory Explicit memory
76
What is implicit memory ?
It is totally at the subconscious level
77
What is explicit memory ?
It is the conscious recall of information
78
What are types of explicit memory ?
Episodic memory - memory of events Semantic memory - memory of words, rules and language
79
What are type of memory ?
Primary memory - short term Secondary memory - long term

Physiology Il (47 decks)

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