Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

DMARDs > Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are common causes of hydrocephalus?

A

Cerebral aqueduct stenosis
Dandy-Walker
Arnold-Chiari( type I)
Sequale of Meningitis(due to fibrosis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are common causes of meningomyelocele?

A

Spinal Bifida

Arnold-Chiari Syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is syringomyelia?

A

Cystic degeneration of the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the cause of syringomyelia?

A

Trauma

Arnold-Chiari malformation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the causes of anterior motor horn damage?

A

Poliomyelitis(poliovirus)

Werdnig-Hoffman Disease(autosomal recessive-floppy baby)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is ALS?

A

Degenerative disorder of UMN and LMN.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the early sign of ALS?

A

Atrophy & weakness of hands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How do you distinguish ALS from syringomyelia?

A

Lack of sensory impairment distinguishes(Spinothalamic Tract is not affected).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Mutation of what enzyme is seen in ALS?

A

Superoxide dismutase mutation(SOD1)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is Friedrich Ataxia?

A

Degenerative disorder of the cerebellum and spinal cord.

Ataxia & multiple spinal cord tracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the cause of Friedrich Ataxia?

A

Unstable trinucleotide repeat(GAA) i the Frataxin gene.

Essential for mitochondrial iron regulation(free radical damage via fenton reaction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Friedrich Ataxia is associated to what disorder?

A

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cause of Meningitis in neonate?

A

GBS
E. coli
Listeria monocytogenes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cause of Meningitis in teenagers?

A

N. meningitidis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cause of Meningitis in adults & elderly?

A

S. pneumoniae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cause of Meningitis in children(virus)?

A

Coxsackievirus(fecal-oral)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Cause of Meningitis in immunocompromised individuals ?

A

Fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Symptoms of meningitis?

A

Headache, Nuchal rigidity(neck stiffness), and Fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What layers are crossed for a lumbar puncture?

A

Skin –> ligament –> epidural space –> dura mater –> arachnoid–>CSF(subarachnoid space)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Various levels of CSF and glucose(viral, fungal, and bacteria)?

A

Bacterial meningitis: Neutrophils and low glucose
Viral meningitis: lymphocytes w/ normal glucose
Fungalmeningitis: Lymphocytes with low glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the normal CSF glucose level in comparison to blood glucose(fraction)?

A

2/3

100 * 2/3 = 66 in CSF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are 2 sequalae of bacterial meningitis?

A

Death: Herniation secondary to cerebral edema.
Fibrosis: Hydrocephalus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the symptoms of mild global ischemia?

A

Transient confusion with prompt recovery.

E.g. Insulinoma given sugar.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What histologic finding is seen in severe global ischemia?

A

Diffuse necrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the sequalae if you survive severe global ischemia?

A

Vegetative state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the cause of moderate global ischemia?

A

Infarcts in watershed areas

27
Q

What is the classic example of moderate global ischemia?

A

Regions between anterior and middle cerebral artery

28
Q

What are the highly vulnerable regions of moderate global ischemia?

A

Pyramidal neurons of the cerebral cortex(3,5,&6): Laminar necrosis.

Pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus(temporal lobe): important in long-term memory

Purkinje layer of the cerebellum: Integrates sensory perception with motor control(cerebellar signs)

29
Q

What is the difference between thrombotic stroke and embolic stroke?

A

Thrombotic(branch points): rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque–> thrombus reforms because of exposure of subendothelial collagen–> Pale infarct

Embolic stroke(atrial fibrillation): Middle cerebral(branch of internal carotid) –> hemorrhagic infarct(clot is broken down)

30
Q

What is the cause of lacunar stroke?

A

Hypertension or diabetes –> Hyaline arteriosclerosis –> lacunar stroke.

31
Q

What is the most common artery affected in lacunar stroke?

A

Lenticulostriate vessels

32
Q

Stages of ischemic stroke?

A

Eosinophilic(red neurons) 12 hours –> necrosis(neutrophils & microglial cells) –> Gliosis-reactive astrocyte(2-3 weeks) –> Gliotic cyst with connective tissue

33
Q

What causes intracerebral hemorrhage?

A

Rupture of lenticulostriate vessels(basal ganglia)

Due to charcot-Bouchard microaneurysms

34
Q

What is patient complaint for subarachnoid hemorrhage?

A

Worst headache of my life

Nuchal rigidity

35
Q

LP of patient with subarachnoid hemorrhage shows?

A

Xanthochromia(yellow hue due to bilirubin breakdown)

36
Q

What is the most common location for berry aneurysm?

A

Anterior communicating artery(lack of media)

37
Q

What are associated causes of subarachnoid hemorrhage?

A

Marfan syndrome

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease

38
Q

Trauma causes what 3 conditions in the brain?

A

Epidural Hematoma
Subdural Hematoma
Herniation

39
Q

A patient presents with a lens-shaped lesion on CT. What is the patient’s condition?

A

Epidural hematoma

40
Q

What is affected in epidural hematoma?

A

Middle menigeal artery

41
Q

Patient has a “talk and die” episode. What condition causes this?

A

Epidural hematoma

42
Q

What vessels are affected in subdural hematoma?

A

Bridging veins between the dura and arachnoid.

43
Q

A patient presents with a crescent-shaped lesion on CT. What is the patient’s condition?

A

Subdural hematoma

44
Q

What are causes of subdural hematoma?

A

Elder: cerebral atrophy stretching the vein.

Others: tearing of bridging veins between dura and arachnoid

45
Q

Describe a tonsillar herniation and symptoms observed?

A

Displacement of cerebellar tonsils into foramen magnum –> Cardiopulmonary arrest.

46
Q

What is a subfalcine herniation & what vessel does it compress?

A

Displacement of the cingulate gyrus under the falx cerebri -> compresses anterior cerebral artery

47
Q

What is an uncal herniation?

A

Displacement of the temporal lobe uncus under the tentorium cerebelli

Tentorium cerebelli is the extension of the dura mater that separates cerebellum from temporal lobe.

48
Q

What are the 3 results of uncal herniation?

A

Cranial nerve III(oculomotor) –> down and out and a dilated pupil.

Compressionof PCA –> contralateral homonymous hemianopsia(E.g. right side of brain having visual deficits for left field of both eyes)

49
Q

Rupture of the paramedian artery leads to?

A

Duret(brainstem) hemorrhage

50
Q

What cells form the myelin structures in the CNS and PNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes - CNS

Schwann cells - PNS

51
Q

Which are destroyed in demyelinating disorder?(axons, myelin or both)

A

Axons are generally preserved, but the conduction of impulse along the axon is impaired.

52
Q

What are leukodystrophies?

A

White matter problems

Inherited mutation in enzymes necessary for production or maintenance of myelin.

53
Q

What are the 3 leukodystrophies?

A

Metachromatic leukodystrophy
Krabbe disease
Adrenoleukodystrophy

54
Q

Describe metachromatic leukodystrophy?

A

Deficiency of arylsulfatase
Sulfatides cannot be degraded & accumulate in oligodendrocytes(lysosomal storage disease)

AKA you can’t degrade myelin

55
Q

Describe Krabbe disease?

A

Deficiency of galactocerebrosidase

Accumulates in macrophages

56
Q

Describe Adrenoleukodystrophy?

A

impaired addition of coenzyme A to long-chain fatty acids

X-linked

Accumulation of fatty acids damage adrenal glands & white matter of the brain.

57
Q

What is the etiology & pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis?

A

Autoimmune destruction of CNS myelin and oligodendrocytes

Environmental + genetic = Away from equator + HLA-DR2.

58
Q

Name 2 high yield symptoms of M.S.?

A

Scanning speech: Mimicking alcohol intoxication(brainstem)

Internuclear ophthalmoplegia(Medial longitudinal fasciculus): If you’re trying to look left, right eye will not be albe to be pulled to the left. Because CN. 6 of left eye cannot communicate with CN. 3 of right eye.

59
Q

What are the 3 labs to look for in M.S.?

A

Increased lymphocytes

Increased immunoglobulins(with oligoclonal IgG bands)

Myelin basic protein(Due to destruction of myelin)

60
Q

What is the treatment for M.S.?

A

High-dose steroids: Autoimmune

Interferon beta: slows progression of disease

61
Q

What causes Subactue Sclerosing Panencephalitis?

A

Slowly progressing, persistent infection of measles virus.

62
Q

What are the histological finding in subactue sclerosing panencephalitis?

A

Viral inclusions within neurons(gray matter) and oligodendrocytes(white matter)

63
Q

What causes progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy?

A

JC virus infection of white matter.

reactivation caused by immunosuppression

64
Q

What causes central pontine myelinolysis?

A

Rapid intravenous correction of hyponatremia –> focal demyelination of pons(anterior brain stem) –> “locked in” syndrome.

DMARDs (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions