Central Nervous System - Chapter 28 Flashcards
Rosenthal fibers occur within what glial processes?
Astrocytic; characteristic of pilocytic astrocytoma
What type of brain herniation occurs when unilateral or asymmetric expansion of the cerebral hemisphere displaces the cingulate gyrus under the falx?
Subfalcine herniation (cingulate
What type of brain herniation occurs when the medial aspect of the temporal lobe is compressed against the free margin of the tentorium?
Transtentorial herniation
google :A transtentorial herniation is the movement of brain tissue from one intracranial compartment to another. This includes uncal, central, and upward herniation. These are life-threatening and time-critical pathologies that may be reversible with emergent surgical intervention and medical management.
What type of brain herniation refers to displacement of the cerebellar tonsils through the foramen magnum?
Tonsillar herniation
Progression of a transtentorial (uncinate) herniation is often accompanied by secondary hemorrhagic lesions in the midbrain and pons termed _
Duret hemorrhages
In the normal brain, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is produced by the _
Choroid plexus
The accumulation of excessive CSF within the ventricular system of the brain is termed
Hydrocephalus
gooogle:
Hydrocephalus ex-vacuo occurs when a stroke or injury damages the brain and brain matter actually shrinks. The brain may shrink in older patients or those with Alzheimer’s disease, and CSF volume increases to fill the extra space. In these instances, the ventricles are enlarged, but the pressure usually is normal.
A malformation of the anterior end of the neural tube, with absence of the brain and calvarium is termed ?
Anencephaly
google:
Anencephaly is a serious birth defect in which a baby is born without parts of the brain and skull. It is a type of neural tube defect (NTD). As the neural tube forms and closes, it helps form the baby’s brain and skull (upper part of the neural tube), spinal cord, and back bones (lower part of the neural tube).
Absence of white matter bundles that carry cortical projections from one hemisphere to the other is known as
Agenesis of the corpus callosum
what malformation consist of a small posterior fossa, a misshapen midline cerebellum with downward extension of the vermis through the foramen magnum, hydrocepalus and a lumbar meningomyelocele
google:
Chiari malformation is a condition in which brain tissue extends into the spinal canal. It occurs when part of the skull is misshapen or smaller than is typical, pressing on the brain and forcing it downward.
What malformation consists of an enlarged posterior fossa, absent or rudimentary cerebellar vermis and a large midline cyst?
Dandy-Walker malformation
google:
What is Dandy-Walker Syndrome? Dandy-Walker Syndrome (DWS) is a congenital (happening before birth) condition where the cerebellum does not develop normally. The cerebellum is an area at the back of the brain that controls movement and balance.
Infarction occurring in the supratentorial periventricular white matter especially in premature babies is known as _____.
Periventricular leukomalacia
Skull fractures that cross sutures are termed _
Diastatic
A patient who suffers a brain contusion due to a blow to the head may develop a cerebral injury at the point of contact known as a
Coup injury
Damage to the brain surface diametrically opposite a blow to the head is known as?
Contrecoup injury
Injury to the brain as a consequence of altered blood flow and grouped into ischemic and hemorrhagic etiologies is known as
Cerebrovascular disease
the majority of thrombotic occlusions are due to
Atherosclerosis and plaque rupture
The most common source of embolism to the brain is _
Cardiac mural thrombi
google:
Mural thrombi are thrombi that attach to the wall of a blood vessel and cardiac chamber. Mural thrombus occurrence in a normal or minimally atherosclerotic vessel is a rare entity in the absence of a hypercoagulative state or inflammatory, infectious, or familial aortic ailments.
Sickle-shaped areas of infarction that occur in those regions of the brain and spinal cord that lie at the most distal fields of arterial blood supply are
Border zone infarcts (watershed)
google: Border zone or watershed infarcts are ischemic lesions that occur in characteristic locations at the junction between two main arterial territories. These lesions constitute approximately 10% of all brain infarcts and are well described in the literature.
The most common underlying cause of deep brain parenchymal hemorrhage is
Hypertension
The most common type of intracranial aneurysm is the ______ aneurysm.
Saccular (Berry)
google:
Berry (saccular) aneurysms are the most common type of intracranial aneurysm, representing 90% of cerebral aneurysms. Generally speaking, there is a ballooning arising from a weakened area in the wall of a blood vessel in the brain
The most frequent cause of clinically significant subarachnoid hemorrhage _
Rupture of a saccular (berry) aneurysm
the pathognomonic microscopic finding in cases of rabies is the
Negri body
tumors attached to the dura that arise from the meningothelial cells of the arachnoid are known as
Meningiomas
Macroscopically, meningiomas are often firm and fibrous to finely gritty due to the presence of numerous
Psammoma bodies
Lisch nodules, pigmented nodules of the iris are seen in patients with
Neurofibromatosis type I
google: Lisch nodules are 1 to 2 mm yellowish-brown dome-shaped solid lesions over the iris surface.
Lisch nodules, pigmented nodules of the iris are seen in patients with
Neurofibromatosis type I
google: Lisch nodules are 1 to 2 mm yellowish-brown dome-shaped solid lesions over the iris surface.
An autosomal dominant disease in which affected individuals develop hemangioblastomas of the CNS and cysts involving the pancreas, liver and kidney is known as _______.
Von Hippel-Lindau disease
google:
Von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL) is a rare, genetic multi-system disorder in which non-cancerous tumors grow in certain parts of the body. Slow-growing hemgioblastomas—benign tumors with many blood vessels—may develop in the: Brain. Spinal cord. Retinas of the eyes.
An autosomal dominant disease in which affected individuals develop hemangioblastomas of the CNS and cysts involving the pancreas, liver and kidney is known as _______.
Von Hippel-Lindau disease
google:
Von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL) is a rare, genetic multi-system disorder in which non-cancerous tumors grow in certain parts of the body. Slow-growing hemgioblastomas—benign tumors with many blood vessels—may develop in the: Brain. Spinal cord. Retinas of the eyes.
Incomplete separation of the cerebral hemispheres across the midline is known as
Holoprosencephaly
google:
is a disorder caused by the failure of the prosencephalon (the embryonic forebrain) to sufficiently divide into double lobes of the cerebral hemispheres
A decrease in the number of gyri to total absence leaving a smooth surfaced brain is known as _
Lissencephaly (agyria
google: Lissencephaly is a rare, gene-linked brain malformation characterized by the absence of convolutions (folds) in the cerebral cortex and an extremely small head (microcephaly).
Neurofibrillary tangles are tau-containing bundles of filaments in the cytoplasm of the neurons that displace or encircle the nucleus and are seen in _
google:
Neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) are aggregates of hyperphosphorylated tau protein that are most commonly known as a primary biomarker of Alzheimer’s disease.
pallor of the substania nigra and lewy bodies are seen in
Parkinson disease
pallor of the substania nigra and lewy bodies are seen in
Parkinson disease
