Central Nervous System, Spinal Nerves, and Cranial Nerves Flashcards
(108 cards)
1
Q
This and its associated spinal nerves contain neural pathways that control some of your most rapid reactions to environmental changes.
A
spinal cord (SC)
2
Q
This protects the spinal cord.
A
vertebral column
3
Q
the three layers of connective tissue coverings around the brain and SC
A
meninges
4
Q
The Three meninges are:
A
- Dura mater (outermost)
- Arachnoid mater (middle layer)
- Pia mater (innermost)
5
Q
It circulates in the
subarachnoid space (between the arachnoid and pia
mater).
A
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
6
Q
-spinal cord (SC)
- vertebral column
- meninges
- Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
A
Spinal Cord Protection and Coverings
7
Q
length of the adult spinal cord ranges from
A
42 to 45 cm (16 to 18 in)
8
Q
Spinal cord extends from the _________, to
the upper border of _____(ending with the conus
medullaris).
A
medulla oblongata; L2
9
Q
this is the roots of the spinal nerves, angle down the vertebral canal like wisps of flowing hair.
A
cauda equina
10
Q
contains nerves that supply the upper limbs
A
cervical enlargement
11
Q
the spinal cord contains neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, and neuroglia.
A
gray matter
12
Q
gray matter of the spinal cord contains
A
neuronal cell
bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, and
neuroglia.
13
Q
On each side of the spinal cord, the gray matter is
subdivided into regions called
A
horns
14
Q
contain the cell bodies
of incoming sensory neurons
A
posterior (dorsal) gray horns
15
Q
contain cell bodies of somatic motor neurons
A
anterior (ventral) gray horns
16
Q
consists primarily of myelinated axons of neurons and is organized into white columns.
A
white matter
17
Q
white matter consists primarily of
A
myelinated axons of
neurons and organized into white columns.
18
Q
consist of axons that conduct
nerve impulses toward the brain and motor (descending)
tracts away from the CNS.
A
Sensory (ascending) tracts
19
Q
and the nerves that branch from them are part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). They connect the CNS to sensory receptors, muscles, and glands in all parts of the body.
A
Spinal nerves
20
Q
number of pairs of spinal nerves are named and numbered according to the region and level of the vertebral column.
A
31 pairs
21
Q
Each spinal nerve (and cranial nerve) contains layers of
protective connective tissue coverings. Individual axons,
whether myelinated or unmyelinated, are wrapped in
A
endoneurium
22
Q
Groups of axons with their endoneurium are
arranged in bundles, called fascicles, each of which is
wrapped
A
perineurium.
23
Q
The superficial covering over the entire nerve is the
A
epineurium
24
Q
The pathway followed by nerve impulses that produce a reflex is known as a
A
reflex arc
25
1. sensory receptor
2. sensory neuron
3. integrating center
4. motor neuron
5. effector
basic components of a reflex arc
26
one of the largest organs of the body, consisting of about 85 billion neurons and 10–50 trillion neuroglia with a mass of about 1300 g (almost 3 lbs). On average, each neuron forms 1000 synapses with other neurons.
brain
27
1. Brain stem
2. Diencephalon
3. Cerebrum
4. Cerebellum
four major parts of the brain
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continuous with the spinal cord and consists of the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain.
brain stem
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spinal cord and brain are further protected against chemical and physical injury by
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
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clear, colorless liquid that carries oxygen, glucose, and other chemicals to neurons and neuroglia and removes their wastes and toxic substances.
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
31
CSF circulates through the subarachnoid space around the brain and spinal cord, and through cavities called
ventricles
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There are # ventricles: # lateral, # third and # fourth ventricle in CSF.
4 ventricles: 2 lateral, 1 third and 1 fourth ventricle.
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CSF production are the
choroid plexuses
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part of the brain between the spinal cord and the diencephalon.
brain stem
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1. the medulla oblongata,
2. pons, and
3. midbrain.
brain stem consists of three regions
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has two major nuclei are the cardiovascular center
medulla
37
cardiovascular center, which regulates the rate and force of the heartbeat and the diameter of blood vessels and the medullary _______ which adjusts the basic rhythm of breathing
respiratory center
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connects the pons to the diencephalon.
midbrain
39
Midbrain anterior part consists of a pair of large tracts called
cerebral peduncles
40
Midbrain contains nuclei
red nuclei, substantia nigra
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reddish due to their rich blood supply and iron. Axons from the cerebellum and cerebral cortex form synapses here and help coordinate muscular movements.
Red nuclei
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Nuclei of the __________ are large and darkly pigmented. Loss of these neurons is associated with Parkinson’s disease.
substantia nigra
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This part of the diencephalon include the thalamus, hypothalamus, and pineal gland.
Major regions
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major relay station for most sensory impulses that reach the cerebral cortex from the spinal cord and brain stem.
thalamus
45
1. controls and integrates activities of the autonomic nervous system.
2. controls the pituitary gland and production of hormones.
3. regulation of emotions
4. regulations of eating and drinking
5. control of body temperature
6. regulation of circadian rhythms and states of consciousness.
hypothalamus
46
secretes the hormone melatonin, it is part of the endocrine system.
pineal gland
47
consists of two cerebellar hemispheres, located posterior to the medulla and pons and inferior to the cerebrum.
cerebellum
48
compare intended movements programmed by the cerebral cortex with what is actually happening. It constantly receives sensory impulses from muscles, tendons, joints, and visual recectors.
function of the cerebellum
49
The cerebrum consists of the
cerebral cortex (an outer rim of gray), an internal region of cerebral white matter, and gray matter nuclei.
50
provides us with the ability to read, write, and speak; to make calculations and compose music; to remember and to create.
function of the cerebrum
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The cerebral cortex rolls and folds upon itself so that it can fit into the cranial cavity. The folds are called
gyri
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Cerebrum: The deep grooves between folds are
fissures
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Cerebrum: the shallow grooves are
sulci
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separates the cerebrum into right and left halves called cerebral hemispheres.
longitudinal fissure
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separates the frontal and parietal lobes.
central sulcus
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located immediately anterior to the central sulcus.
precentral gyrus
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located immediately posterior to the central sulcus.
postcentral gyrus
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Each cerebral hemisphere has four lobes that are named after the bones that cover them
frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe
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Encircling the upper part of the brain stem and the corpus callosum is a ring of structures on the inner border of the cerebrum and floor of the diencephalon that constitutes the
limbic system (limbic border)
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sometimes called the “emotional brain” because it plays a primary role in a range of emotions, including pain, pleasure, docility, affection, and anger.
limbic system
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TRUE OR FALSE
Brain controls SAME side of the body: all sensory and motor pathways cross in CNS:
FALSE - Opposite Side
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Left side of the brain controls
right side of body
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Right side of brain controls
left side of body
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important for spoken and written language, numerical and scientific skills, and reasoning.
Left hemisphere
65
more involved with spatial and pattern recognition and emotional content.
Right side
66
pairs of cranial nerves, like spinal nerves, are part of the PNS. The cranial nerves are designated with roman numerals and with names.
12 pairs
67
TRUE or FALSE
Cranial nerves emerge from the nose (cranial nerve I), the eyes (II), the inner ear (VIII), the brain stem (cranial nerves III–XII), and the spinal cord (XI).
TRUE
68
Three cranial nerves (I, II, and VIII) contain only axons and called sensory nerves
sensory neurons
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5 cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, XI, XII) contain only axons of as they leave the brain stem and are called motor nerves.
motor neurons
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The other four cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) are ___ because they contain both sensory and motor.
mixed nerves
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- Due to increase in size of neurons and proliferation of neuroglia.
- Increase in development of dendritic branches and synaptic contacts.
Rapid brain growth during first few years of life
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- Decline in brain mass
- Fewer synaptic contacts
- Some decrease in brain function
From early adulthood through old age
73
Sensory: Axons in the lining of the nose
Function: Smell
Olfactory Nerve
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Sensory: Axons from the retina of the eye
Function: Vision
Optic Nerve
75
Motor: Axons of somatic motor neurons that stimulate muscles of upper eyelid and eyeball; alters shape of lens for near vision and constricts pupil
Function: Movement of upper eyelid and eyeball; alters shape of lens for near vision and constricts pupil
Oculomotor Nerve
76
Motor: Axons of somatic motor neurons that stimulate the superior oblique muscle
Function: Movement of the eyeball
Trochlear Nerve
77
Sensory: Consists of three branches: the ophthalmic nerve, the maxillary nerve, and the mandibular nerve
Motor: Axons of somatic motor neurons that stimulate muscles used in chewing
Function: Touch, pain, and temperature sensations and muscle sense (proprioception) chewing
Trigeminal Nerve
78
Motor: Axons of somatic motor neurons that stimulate the lateral rectus muscle
Function: Movement of the eyeball
Abducens Nerve
79
Sensory: Axons from taste buds on tongue and axons from proprioceptors in muscles of face and scalp
Motor: Axons of somatic motor neurons that stimulate facial, scalp, and neck muscles plus parasympathetic axons that stimulate lacrimal (tear) glands and salivary glands
Functions:
Taste, muscle sense (proprioception), touch, pain, and temperature sensations
Facial expressions, secretion of tears and
saliva
Facial Nerve
80
Vestibular Branch, Sensory: Axons from semicircular canals, saccule, and utricle (organs of equilibrium)
Cochlear Branch, Sensory: Axons from spiral organ (organ of hearing)
Function: Equilibrium, Hearing
Vestibulocochlear Nerve
81
Sensory Part: Axons from taste buds and somatic sensory receptors on part of tongue, from proprioceptors in some swallowing muscles, and from stretch receptors in carotid sinus and chemoreceptors in carotid body
Motor Part: Axons of somatic motor neurons that stimulate swallowing muscles of throat plus parasympathetic axons that stimulate a salivary gland
Function: Taste and somatic sensations (touch, pain, and temperature) from tongue; muscle sense (proprioception) in some swallowing muscles; monitoring blood pressure; monitoring oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood for regulation of breathing and
Swallowing, speech, secretion of saliva
Glossopharyngeal Nerve
82
Sensory Part: Axons from taste buds in pharynx (throat) and epiglottis; proprioceptors in muscles of neck and throat; stretch receptors and chemoreceptors in carotid sinus and carotid body; chemoreceptors in aortic body; and from visceral sensory receptors in most organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavities
Motor Part: Axons of somatic motor neurons that stimulate skeletal muscles of the throat and neck plus parasympathetic axons that supply smooth muscle in the airways, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, most of the large intestine, and gallbladder; cardiac muscle in the heart; and glands of the gastrointestinal tract
Function: Taste and somatic sensations (touch, pain, temperature) from pharynx and epiglottis; monitoring of blood pressure; monitoring of oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood for regulation of breathing; sensations from visceral organs in thorax and abdomen
Swallowing, coughing, and voice production; smooth muscle contraction and relaxation in organs of the gastrointestinal tract; slowing of the heart rate; secretion of digestive fluids
Vagus Nerve
83
Motor: Axons of somatic motor neurons that stimulate the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles of the throat and neck
Function: Movements of head and shoulders
Accessory Nerve
84
Motor: Axons of somatic motor neurons that stimulate muscles of the tongue
Function: Movement of tongue during speech and swallowing
Hypoglossal Nerve
85
Recite the 12 Cranial Nerves
1. Olfactory Nerve
2. Optic Nerve
3. Oculomotor Nerve
4. Trochlear Nerve
5. Trigeminal Nerve
6. Abducens Nerve
7. Facial Nerve
8. Vestibulocochlear Nerve
9. Glossopharyngeal Nerve
10. Vagus Nerve
11. Accessory Nerve
12. Hypoglossal Nerve
86
- Coordinates movement of head, eyes, and trunk in response to visual and hearing stimuli
- Contributes to control of movement
Midbrain
87
- Relays nerve impulses from motor areas of the cerebrum to the cerebellum
- Controls breathing
Pons
88
- Controls heart beat and blood pressure
- Controls breathing
- Controls vomiting, swallowing, sneezing, coughing, and hiccups
Medulla Oblongata
89
Receives sensory input from the body, including pain, temperature, and touch sensations.
Dorsal/Posterior Horn
90
Sends motor impulses to muscles, controlling movement.
Ventral/Anterior Horn
91
Contains neurons involved in the sympathetic nervous system, which regulates involuntary functions like heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion.
Lateral Horn
92
Dorsal Columns
Carry sensory information about proprioception, which is the sense of body position and movement.
93
Anterior Columns
Carry sensory information about tactile sensations, such as touch and pressure.
94
Lateral Columns
Also carry sensory information about tactile sensations.
95
Sensory nerve responsible for smell
I. Olfactory Nerve
96
Sensory nerve responsible for vision
II. Optic Nerve
97
Motor nerve controlling the movement of most extraocular muscles - medial rectus, inferior rectus, superior oblique, inferior oblique and the opening of the eyelids - levator palpebrae superioris.
III. Oculomotor Nerve
98
Motor nerve controlling the movement of one extraocular muscle, the superior oblique
IV. Trochlear Nerve
99
Mixed nerve with both sensory and motor functions. It is responsible for sensation in the face and controls the muscles used for mastication.
V. Trigeminal Nerve
100
Motor nerve controlling the movement of one extraocular muscle, the lateral rectus.
VI. Abducens Nerve
101
Mixed nerve with both sensory and motor functions. It controls the muscles of facial expression and is responsible for taste sensation on the anterior 2/3 of the tongue.
VII. Facial Nerve
102
Sensory nerve responsible for hearing and balance (equilibrium)
VIII. Vestibulocochlear Nerve
103
Mixed nerve with both sensory and motor functions. It is responsible for taste sensation on the posterior 1/3 of the tongue and swallowing.
IX. Glossopharyngeal Nerve
104
Mixed nerve with both sensory and motor functions. Its functions are taste sensation from the epiglottis (pharynx), swallowing, vocalization, coughing, controlling smooth muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, and slowing the heart rate.
X. Vagus Nerve
105
Motor nerve controlling the movement of the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles.
XI. Accessory Nerve
106
Motor nerve controlling the movement of the tongue muscles.
XII. Hypoglossal Nerve
107
contains nerves supplying the lower limbs.
lumbar enlargement
108
contains nerves supplying the lower limbs.
lumbar enlargement
