Central Vascular Pathophysiology Flashcards
(35 cards)
How does kidney dysfunction cause systemic hypertension?
Causes hypertension by increasing fluid retention and overactivating the RAAS, leading to vasoconstriction and higher blood pressure.
Why do elevated catecholamines and thyroid hormone cause systemic hypertension?
increase heart rate and vasoconstriction, while excess thyroid hormone raises cardiac output and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines
Why is there a relationship between sleep apnea and systemic HTN?
Sleep apnea causes intermittent hypoxia, which activates the sympathetic nervous system and increases blood pressure, contributing to systemic hypertension.
What hormones can increase BP?
Angiotensin II
Aldosterone
Catecholamines (e.g., epinephrine, norepinephrine)
Vasopressin (ADH)
Thyroid hormone
Critical hypertension is when sBP is above what value?
above 180 mmHg
Critical hypertension is when dBP is above what value?
140 or above
Does systemic hypertension compromise preload or afterload
Afterload
Does systemic hypertension compromise the right or left side of the heart?
Left side
What is normal pulmonary blood pressure (sBP/dBP)?
20/10 mmHg
What are the exercise stopping points for sBP and dBP?
250 sys, 115 dias.
if sBP goes down or if dBP goes down more than 10 mmHg
Pulmonary hypertension is defined as a sBP is above what value?
25 at rest and 30 and above during activity
Pulmonary hypertension is defined as a dBP is above what value?
20 at rest
How is pulmonary BP measured?
pulmonary artery catheter
Why does systemic hypertension sometimes cause chest pain?
increased myocardial oxygen demand, which may exceed supply, leading to ischemia.
How does pulmonary hypertension cause low O2 sats?
Higher pressure decreases transit time. Less gas exchange.
Why is the reduction in O2 sats greater with exercise?
increased physical activity demands more oxygen. Higher demand.
What is the mechanism that causes peripheral edema with pulmonary hypertension?
pulmonary hypertension puts increased strain on the right ventricle. This can lead to right heart failure. Blood backs up in the venous system, leading to fluid retention and edema
What type of exercise(s) prevents/ lowers BP?
Aerobic
What diet modifications help lower BP?
Sodium reduction, increase potassium reduce alcohol, reduce caffeine
How does smoking increase BP?
by causing vasoconstriction, stimulating the release of catecholamines, and promoting inflammation, which leads to arterial stiffness and increased heart rate.
What is an aneurysm? Where can they occur in the body?
bulging of a blood vessel wall due to weakness in the vessel. Can occur in pretty much any artery.
What are the 2 main pathologies associated with aortic aneurysm?
Thrombus
Rupture
What is an aortic dissection?
a serious condition where there is a tear in the inner layer of the aortic wall, allowing blood to flow between the layers of the artery.
What is the main pathology that occurs with an aortic dissection?
tear of the tunica intima (inner layer) of the aorta, leading to the creation of a false lumen where blood flows between the layers of the aortic wall.
