Cerebellum

Question 1

The cerebellum is an _______ _______ system.

Answer 1

Error correction

Question 2

___________ is necessary for a representation of the desired position of the body segments in time.

Answer 2

Pre-motor cortex

Question 3

_________ ________ cortex is also works as the execution system.

Answer 3

Posterior parietal cortex

Question 4

Somatotopy is located in ____.

Answer 4

M1

Question 5

There are 2 distinct somatotopically organized subregions in the pre-motor cortex. What are they?

Answer 5

1. SMA

2. Lateral pre-motor

Question 6

The SMA is involved in…?

Answer 6

Internally generated movement

Question 7

The lateral pre-motor cortex is involved in…?

Answer 7

Externally guided movement

Question 8

Which system/area is involved with mirror neurons?

Answer 8

Lateral pre-motor cortex

Question 9

The _______ _______ cortex is involved in the sensory guidance of movement.

Answer 9

Posterior parietal cortex

Question 10

The posterior parietal cortex projects to the ___________ cortex and _________ tract.

Answer 10

Pre-motor cortex and pyramidal tract

Question 11

Damage to the posterior parietal cortex can cause deficits in ______ _______ ______.

Answer 11

Visually guided reading

Question 12

Damage to the ________ _______ cortex can cause apraxia.

Answer 12

Posterior parietal cortex

Question 13

The cerebellum contains about ___% of the cells of the entire brain.

Answer 13

50%

Question 14

The cerebellum makes up about ____% of the entire brain mass.

Answer 14

10%

Question 15

The cerebellum has a highly convoluted (dense) tissue called _______.

Answer 15

Folium

Question 16

The cerebellum is attached to the brain stem by…? (what is another word for this?)

Answer 16

Bundles of fibers. Also called peduncles.

Question 17

There are 3 kinds/areas of peduncles, name them.

Answer 17

1. Superior
2. Middle
3. Inferior

Question 18

Cerebellum is involved in the learning of what kind of movement?

Answer 18

Rapid and skilled movement

Question 19

The cerebellum gains control though what kind of system?

Answer 19

Trial and error system/error-correction/supervised learning

Question 20

The cerebellum controls and corrects movements through…? (2 things)

Answer 20

Feedback and timing

Question 21

________ _____ recycles information that goes into/through the cerebellum.

Answer 21

Pontine nuclei

Question 22

Is the cerebellum muscle memory? Why or why not?

Answer 22

To an extent yes, because it does the programming that eventually passes to the cortex, where it becomes permanently encoded.

Question 23

Cerebellum motor functions:
1.
2.
3.

Answer 23

1. Equilibrium
2. Posture
3. Muscle tone

Question 24

Cerebellum cognitive functions:
1.
2.
3.

Answer 24

1. word processing
2. anticipatory planning
3. time-based judgments

Question 25

Individuals born without a cerebellum have problems learning...?

Answer 25

Complicated movements

Question 26

If you are hit in the head with a bad, what would happen? (In relation to the cerebellum, duh)

Answer 26

The cerebellum would inhibit the muscles (into a fetal position) to try as a protection mech.

Question 27

________ refers to a lack of coordination/movement in relation to distance OR innacutrate/exaggerated movements.

Answer 27

Dysmetria

Question 28

What is hypometria?

Answer 28

Cerebellar dysfunction: muscle disorder marked by under-reaching an intended object or goal.

Question 29

What is hypermetria?

Answer 29

Cerebellar dysfunction: movements over-reach the intended goal.

Question 30

The cerebellar dysfunction of incoordination/ lack of muscle control during voluntary movements is called _________.

Answer 30

Ataxia

Question 31

The cerebellar dysfunction _______ is marked by a reduced muscle tone.

Answer 31

Hypotonia

Question 32

Describe the start/stop problem of intention tremors.

Answer 32

Tremors/trembling when reaching for an object BUT tremors only happen when they are thinking about reaching for the object. Not thinking about it = no trippin.

Question 33

Uncoordinated or clumsy movements of the lower limbs is called ______ _____.

Answer 33

Gait ataxia

Question 34

The reeling of trunk from side to side (with a wide standing position) is called _______ _______.

Answer 34

Truncal ataxia

Question 35

Gait and truncal ataxia is caused by ______________ lesions.

Answer 35

Vestibulocerebellar

Question 36

Ataxia/dysmetria is caused by ______________ lesions.

Answer 36

Cerebrocerebellar

Question 37

_____________ (dysmetria) is marked by errors in rapidly alternating movements (i.e. tapping fingers on the knee).

Answer 37

Dysdiadochokinesia

Question 38

Dysdiadochokinesia is caused by lesions to...?

Answer 38

The cerebellar hemispheres or frontal lobe of the cerebellum

Question 39

___________ ataxia is marked by the inability to remain upright.

Answer 39

truncal

Question 40

Intention tremors are caused by lesions to ________________.

Answer 40

Cerebrocerebellum

Question 41

Define the cerebellar cognitive affective disorder: impairment of executive functions.

Answer 41

Problems with planning, verbal fluency, and abstract reasoning.

Question 42

Define the cerebellar cognitive affective disorder difficulties with spatial cognition.

Answer 42

Problems with visuo-spatial organization and/or visual memory

Question 43

Define the cerebellar cognitive affective disorder: personality changes

Answer 43

Blunting of affect, inappropriate behaviors

Question 44

Define the cerebellar cognitive affective disorder: Language disorders

Answer 44

Agrammatism

Question 45

__________ is a form of expressive aphasia in which an individual is unable to speak in a grammatically correct fashion.

Answer 45

Agrammatism

Question 46

The source of the superior peduncle is the _______ ________.

Answer 46

Deep nuclei

Question 47

The source of the middle peduncle is the ________ or ________ ________.

Answer 47

Cortex or pontine nuclei

Question 48

The source of the inferior peduncle is the ________ and __________ (inferior olive).

Answer 48

Spinal cord and brainstem nuclei

Question 49

The superior peduncle uses the protein _________ and is (excitatory/inhibitory).

Answer 49

GABA, excitatory

Question 50

The middle peduncle uses the protein _________ and ________ fibers.

Answer 50

Glu, mossy fibers

Question 51

The inferior peduncle uses the protein _________ and _______ fibers.

Answer 51

Glu, climbing fibers

Question 52

Input or output? 1. Superior peduncle 2. Middle peduncle 3. Inferior peduncle

Answer 52

1. output 2. input 3. input

Question 53

_______________ regulates balance and reflex eye movements.

Answer 53

Vestibulo-cerebellum

Question 54

____________ adjusts ongoing movements and controlling muscle tone.

Answer 54

Spino-cerebellum

Question 55

___________ plans and initiates skilled movements.

Answer 55

Cerebro-cerebellum

Question 56

Which part of the cerebellum has seen the most expansion in humans?

Answer 56

Cerebro-cerebellum

Question 57

(DEEP NUCLEI) Dentate nuclei are found in what zone?

Answer 57

Lateral

Question 58

(DEEP NUCLEI) Fastigial nuclei are found in what zone?

Answer 58

Vermis (worm) | hint: worms are so thin because they are always fasting

Question 59

(DEEP NUCLEI) Interposed nuclei are found in what zone?

Answer 59

Intermediate

Question 60

What are the two types of Interposed nuclei?

Answer 60

Emboliform and globose. | Hint: Don't Eat Greasy Food

Question 61

The ________ lobe of the cerebellum is used for regulating posture.

Answer 61

Anterior

Question 62

The __________ lobe of the cerebellum is used for fine motor coordination.

Answer 62

Posterior

Question 63

The ____________ lobe of the cerebellum is used for equilibrium.

Answer 63

Flocculonodular

Question 64

Somatotopic organization happens in the ______________.

Answer 64

Spinocerebellum (in the vermis)

Question 65

What are the 3 layers of the cerebellar cortex?

Answer 65

1. Molecular 2. Purkinje cell 3. Granule cell

Question 66

What are the 7 types of neurons in the cerebellar cortex? (PG-UG-LuBS)

Answer 66

Purkinje, granule, unipolar, golgi, lugaro, basket, and stellate

Question 67

Which of the 7 neurons in the cerebellar cortex are excitatory? (PG-UG-LuBS)

Answer 67

Granule and unipolar brush

Question 68

Which of the 7 neurons in the cerebellar cortex are inhibitory? (PG-UG-LuBS)

Answer 68

Purkinje cells, golgi, lugaro, basket, stellate

Question 69

Purkinje cells are located in which layer?

Answer 69

Purkinje cell layer

Question 70

Granule, unipolar brush, golgi and lugaro cells are loacted in which cerebellar cortex layer?

Answer 70

Granule cell layer

Question 71

Basket and stellate cells are located in which cerebellar cortex layer?

Answer 71

Molecular layer