cerebellum and basal nuclei

Question 1

where are the basal nuclei situated?

Answer 1

base of the forebrain

Question 2

what are the basal nuclei strognly intercocnnected with?

Answer 2

• cerebral cortex
• thalamus
• brainstem

Question 3

what are the components of the basal nuclei?

Answer 3

caudate nucleus
putamen
globus pallidus (internal and external)
substantia nigra (pars compacta and pars reticulata)
nucleus accumbens
claustrum
amygdala (limbic system)

Question 4

role of the caudate nucleus and the putamen

Answer 4

input region of the basal nuclei and
they are separated by the internal capsule

Question 5

what do the putamen and caudate nucleus form?

Answer 5

striatum

Question 6

what do the globus pallidus and putamen form?

Answer 6

lentiform/lenticular nucleus

Question 7

what areas of the basal nuclei are output regions that project to the thalamus?

Answer 7

internal segment of the GP (GPi) and the pars reticulata of the substantia nigra (SNr)

Question 8

what area of the basal nuclei have dopamine-containing neurons that project to the striatum?

Answer 8

pars compacta of the substantia nigra (SNc)

Question 9

role o fthe nucleus accumbens

Answer 9

forms part of the ventral striatum involved in motivation and reward

Question 10

difference between SNc and SNr

Answer 10

pars compacta made up of dopaminergic neurons
pars reticulata made up of GABAergic neurons

Question 11

uniform cytoarchitecture of the cerebellum

Answer 11

regional differences in function due to differences in input and output connections
cerebellum has 3 layers: molecular, purkinje and granular

Question 12

what area of the brain is the cerebellum closely associated with?

Answer 12

dorsal surface of the midbrain

Question 13

what are the 4 spinal cord inputs?

Answer 13

dorsal spino-cerebellar tract
ventral spino-cerebellar tract
cuneo-cerebellar tract
rostral spino-cerebellar tract

Question 14

what is the dorsal spino-cerebellar tract (DSCT)?

Answer 14

input from the lower limbs via the inferior peduncle

Question 15

what is the ventral spino-cerebellar tract (VSCT)?

Answer 15

input from the lower limbs via the superior peduncle

Question 16

what is the cuneo-cerebellar tract (CCT)?

Answer 16

input from upper limbs via the inferior peduncle

Question 17

what is the rostral spino-cerebellar tracts (RSCT)?

Answer 17

input from the upper limbs via the inferior peduncle

Question 18

DSCT and CCT information

Answer 18

detailed external proprioceptive information using muscle spindles

Question 19

VSCT and RSCT information

Answer 19

intergrated, internal proprioceptive information using golgi tendon organ

Question 20

which is the pathway that comes through the superior peduncle?

Answer 20

VSCT

Question 21

role of the spinal cord inputs

Answer 21

convery unconscious proprioception and pass mainly ipsilaterally to the anterior lobe and vermis

Question 22

inputs into the cerebellum via the cerebral cortex happens via the…

Answer 22

cortico-ponto-cerebellar pathway

Question 23

role of cortico-ponto-cerebellar pathway

Answer 23

from the cortex, decussates and then sends contralteral information
from the middle peduncle it will send informatiom to all areas of the cerebellar cortex (especially the lateral hemisphere)

Question 24

role of the vestibular nuclei

Answer 24

fibres pass ipsilaterally to the inferior peducnle to the flocculo-nodular lobe

Question 25

role of the reticular formation

Answer 25

fibres mainly ipsilaterally to the inferior peduncle to all parts of the cerebellar cortex

Question 26

role of the inferior olivary nucleus (ION)

Answer 26

contralateral inferior peduncle and ends as climbing fibres in all parts of the cortex all sources of cerebellar input and all targets of its output give input to the ION

Question 27

what are the two types of inputs into the cerebellum?

Answer 27

climbing fibres and mossy fibres

Question 28

what are climbing fibres?

Answer 28

come from the ION and end on purkinje cells low level of basal activity

Question 29

what are mossy fibres?

Answer 29

from all other afferents and end in granule cells granule cells send their axons into the molecular layer, where they synapse with purkinje cells via parallel fibers spontaneous activity and movement related

Question 30

what are cerebellar cortical zones?

Answer 30

individual zones defined by idfferences in purkinje cell output and climbing fibres input from different parts of the inferior olive

Question 31

spinocerebellum role

Answer 31

vermis and intermediate hemisphere control of limbs and trunk

Question 32

cerebrocerebellum role

Answer 32

lateral hemisphere planning of movement

Question 33

vestibulo-cerebellum role

Answer 33

floculu-nodular lobe control of eye and head movements and balance

Question 34

what are the 3 cerebellar cortical divisions?

Answer 34

spinocerebellum cerebrocerebellum vestibulo-cerebellum

Question 35

cerebellar outputs to the spinal cord

Answer 35

there are no dircet outputs to the spinal cord info flows from cerebellar cortex to deep cerebellar nuclei and then out which influences motor planning and execution

Question 36

what is the lateral hemispheric cortex path?

Answer 36

from the dentate nucleus which outputs via superior peduncle then decussates to the cerebral cortex via the ventral lateral nucleus in the thalamus involved in pre-planned movements and learning

Question 37

what is the paravermal cortex path?

Answer 37

goes to globose and emboliform nuclei and outputs to the superior peduncle and decussates to the red nucleus and to the lateral descending pathway (rubrospinal) involved in motor execution

Question 38

what is the vermis path?

Answer 38

to the fastigial nucleus which outputs via inferior peduncle to medial descending pathways involved in motor exectution

Question 39

what is the flocculo-nodular path?

Answer 39

fastigial nucleus and outputs to inferior peduncle to ipsilateral vestibular nuclei and reticular formation involved in control of posture and balance and eye movement coordiation