cerebral cortex

Question 1

What is the role of the cerebral cortex?

Answer 1

• language, abstract thinking, adapt to environment

Question 2

What type of neuron is the most prevalent in the cortex?

Answer 2

pyramidal cell

Question 3

___ dendrites travel vertically to the top of the cortex and ___ dendrites travel horizontally.

Answer 3

• apical

- basal

Question 4

Pyramidal cells have ___ synapses

Answer 4

excitatory (glutamate)

Question 5

___ are the preferential site of excitatory synapses and are suggested to be the sites of synapses that are selectively modified as a result of learning

Answer 5

dendritic spines

Question 6

Some forms of intellectual disability may be associated with poor ___ development.

Answer 6

spine

Question 7

Pyramidal cells axons project to ___ and ___.

Answer 7

• cortical areas

- subcortical sites

Question 8

Nonpyramidal cells are mostly ___ synapses.

Answer 8

inhibitory (GABA) synapses

Question 9

Nonpyramidal neurons tend to have short axons that remain in the cortex, and are principal ___ of the cortex.

Answer 9

interneurons.

Question 10

Areas the send off long axons have more ___.

Answer 10

pyramidal cells

Question 11

___ project to nearby cortex, so there is no need for long axons and therefore we see fewer pyramidal cells.

Answer 11

primary sensory areas

Question 12

The neocortical regions are (4)

Answer 12

• primary sensory area
• primary motor area
• association area
• limbic area

Question 13

___ receive information from thalamic sensory relay nuclei.

Answer 13

Primary sensory areas

Question 14

___ are areas that give rise to much of the corticospinal tract.

Answer 14

Primary motor areas

Question 15

What are the parietal lobe functions?

Answer 15

• primary somatosensory cortex (postcentral gyrus)
• Inferior left parietal lobe involved with language comprehension
• spacial orientation and attention

Question 16

Occipital lobe functions

Answer 16

• Primary visual cortex (in banks of calcarine sulcus)

- visual association cortex involved in higher order visual processing

Question 17

Bilateral injury to the inferior occipital lobe causes ___. Bilateral injury to the ___ causes motion blindness.

Answer 17

color blindness

occipital temporal junction

Question 18

What is the function of the temporal lobe?

Answer 18

• Primary auditory cortex
• auditory association cortex
• language comprehension, wernikes area
• higher order visual processing

Question 19

Primary function of the gustatory cortex

Answer 19

taste. located in the frontal lobe (operculum) and insula

Question 20

Primary function of the vestibular cortex?

Answer 20

Spacial orientation and self motion perception

Question 21

The primary olfactory cortex is ___ not neocortical.

Answer 21

paleocortical

Question 22

The olfactory cortex consists of the ___, ___, and ___.

Answer 22

• piriform cortex
• periamygdaloid cortex
• parahippocampal gyrus

Question 23

Frontal lobe function

Answer 23

Primary motor cortex

Question 24

___ is inferior to the frontal gyrus of one hemisphere (usually left) and is responsible for the production of spoken and written language.

Answer 24

Brocas area

Question 25

The ___ cortex is the rest of the frontal lobe and deals with executive functions (personality, foresight, insight)

Answer 25

prefrontal

Question 26

Dominent hemisphere is the one that ___ and ___ language. It is most likely on the ___ hand side, even in ___ handed people.

Answer 26

- produce - comprehend - left - left

Question 27

Cortical language areas are near the ___.

Answer 27

- lateral sulcus

Question 28

The lateral sulcus extends further posteriorly on the ___ as the planum temporal is larger on the ___.

Answer 28

- right | - left

Question 29

Part of the superior temporal gyrus posterior to the primary auditory cortex

Answer 29

Planum temporale

Question 30

Language areas border the ___ sulcus, and stimulates the motor cortex near mouth to produce involuntary grunts and vocalization.

Answer 30

left lateral

Question 31

Where is Brocas area located?

Answer 31

inferior frontal gyrus

Question 32

Where is Wernicke's area located??

Answer 32

posterior part of the superior temporal gyrus, continuing into planum temporale and inferior parietal lobule.

Question 33

Inability to use language, loss of the use of, or access to symbols humans use as concepts is termed?

Answer 33

aphasia (Brocas and Wernickes provide framework for aphasia)

Question 34

Describe nonfluent aphasia

Answer 34

- make few written or spoken words but its very difficult to produce words. - all detail and meaning in sentences is lost - can comprehend language - often Brocas area issue

Question 35

Describe fluent aphasia

Answer 35

- Can write and speak, but words used and sequences of words used in sentences is incorrect - little to no linguistic content - Make up new words (neologism) - Substitute one letter or word for another (paraphasia) - Difficulty in comprehension - Often due to Wernicke's area

Question 36

Broca's Damage

Answer 36

- Deprive motor areas of ability to generate language but muscle function normal in other activities - comprehension of language is unaffected

Question 37

Wernicke's damage

Answer 37

- Broca's is unchecked | - Words generated but no meaning

Question 38

Muscial aspects of speech or ___ are produced in the right hemisphere

Answer 38

- prosody (specifically right inferior frontal gyrus)

Question 39

Describe motor aprosody.

Answer 39

Cant convey authority, anger, etc. in speech

Question 40

Describe sensory aprosody.

Answer 40

Difficulty comprehending the emotional content of speech from others ( right posterior temproparietal region)

Question 41

Main function of the parietal cortex

Answer 41

- association area posterior to the primary somatosensory cortex

Question 42

The visual associate cortex, auditory association area, somatosensory area are examples of ___ in the parietal cortex.

Answer 42

unimodal areas - damage to these can cause sensory specific agnosias - inability to recognize faces, perceive movement ( visual agnosias)

Question 43

Multimodal areas are centered in the ___ and monitor relationships of body with the outside world.

Answer 43

intraparietal sulcus

Question 44

Patient having trouble with left half of body, may deny that something is wrong with left limb, can be convinced that the limb is someone else's, and can ignore the left half of the body (contralateral neglect) is indicative of ___.

Answer 44

Right parietal lobe damage

Question 45

Apraxias

Answer 45

"lack of action" - patients unable to perform some actions - left parietal lobe damage

Question 46

The ___ is anterior to the primary and supplementary motor areas and is in charge of executive functions

Answer 46

prefrontal cortex

Question 47

The prefrontal cortex is interconnected with the ____ of the thalamus.

Answer 47

dorsomedial nucleus

Question 48

The ___ is the predominate interconnection between hemispheres

Answer 48

corpus callosum

Question 49

The ___ interconnects temporal lobes inferiorly and anterior olfactory nuclei.

Answer 49

anterior commissure

Question 50

All parts of brain receive commissural fibers except ___ area of somatosensory and ___ cortex, and parts of ___ cortex.

Answer 50

- hand - motor - primary visual

Question 51

Strokes are a frequent cause of ___ syndromes

Answer 51

disconnection

Question 52

Alexia without agraphia

Answer 52

- can write but cannot read event though they wrote them - language areas on left isolated from all visual input - language areas intact so speech in unaffected. - left visual cortex damaged by stroke - right visual cortex intact but corpus callosum damaged

Question 53

Association bundles

Answer 53

- interconnect areas of one hemisphere - short: u fibers - long: tavel to different lobes

Question 54

Association bundles with long fibers are arranged in distinct bundles. what are some of these bundles?

Answer 54

- superior longitudinal (arcuate fasciculus - superior occipitofrontal fasciculus (SO) - inferior occipitofrontal fasciculus (IO) - Cingulum (C) - Uncinate fasciculus (U)