Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Neuroscience BB Exam 3 > Cerebral Cortex > Flashcards

Cerebral Cortex Flashcards

(44 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

The cerebral hemisphere that controls language is called the _______. In most people, language functions are processed in the _______.

A

dominant hemisphere; left hemisphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Almost all right-handed individuals and about half of left-handed individuals are _______.

A

left cerebral dominant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Language can be selectively impaired (no effect on vision or hearing) by damage to…

A

the parietal-temporal junction or the frontal lobe (aphasia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is aphasia?

A

A disturbance of the comprehension and formulation of language, not a disorder of hearing, vision, or motor control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The left (dominant) side of the brain is responsible for:

A
  • Language (writing, speech)
  • Praxis (motor program)
  • Arithmetic, Musical ability (skilled)
  • Sense of direction (via sequence of written directions)

Also, insular cortex (planum temporale) larger on average in left hemisphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The right (nondominant) side of the brain is responsible for:

A
  • Prosody (emotion of voice)
  • Visual/spatial gestalt
  • Arithmetic, Musical ability (unskilled)
  • Sense of direction (via spatial orientation)
  • Global & selective attention (prefrontal gyrus for motor, posterior parietal cortex for sensory, anterior cingulate gyrus for motivation)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Broca’s Aphasia (nonfluent, expressive aphasia) is caused by…

A

Lesion to pars orbitalis and pars triangularis of inferior frontal gyrus (areas 44, 45) of left hemisphere

Difficulty converting the concept of speech into meaningful sounds (loss of ability to speak fluently)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Broca’s aphasia is characterized by:

A
  • Halting speech
  • agraphia
  • disordered syntax, grammar, and individual word structure
  • intact comprehension
  • frustration and distress regarding condition
  • In most severe form, can’t speak (mutism)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

During recovery, a Broca patient first…

A

Recovers habitual phrases first (however slowed, and telegraphic speech is observed)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the most common causes of Broca’s aphasia?

A

Tumors and occlusion of M4 (branches of MCA)

Full aphasia results from Broca’s and insular cortex and subjacent white matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Involvement of M1 (lenticulostriate) in Broca’s aphasia can lead to:

A

Contralateral motor signs and symptoms

  • weakness (paresis) of the lower part of the face
  • lateral deviation of the tongue when it is protruded
  • weakness of the arm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Wernicke Aphasia (fluent, receptive aphasia) is caused by…

A

Lesion to superior temporal gyrus area 22 and supramarginal/angular gyrus (area 37,39,40) of left hemisphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Wernicke aphasia is characterized by:

A
  • unable to understand what is said to them
  • unable to read (alexia)
  • unable to write comprehensible language (agraphia)
  • display fluent paraphasic speech
  • no recognition of problem (anosognosia)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is paraphasic speech?

A

Ability to produce clear, fluent, melodic speech at a normal or even faster than normal rate. The content of the speech may be unintelligible because of frequent errors of word choice, inappropriate use of words, or use of made-up nonsense words.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Wernicke aphasia may result from…

A

occlusion of temporal and parietal M4 branches of the MCA - also, hemorrhage into the thalamus (or tumors in the thalamus) may produce Wernicke aphasia by extending laterally and caudally to invade the subcortical white matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Contralateral homonymous hemianopsia can occur in Wernicke patients if ________

A

damage impinges on optic radiations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is conduction aphasia (disconnection syndrome)?

A

Disruption of the arcuate fasciculus connecting Broca and Wernicke’s area –> normal comprehension and expression is fluent but difficult exists in translating what is said into an appropriate reply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is global aphasia?

Study These Flashcards
A

Occlusion of left ICA or proximal MCA (M1) / Lesion to Broca’s and Wernicke’s area as well as the arcuate fasciculus

Lack of fluency of speech, comprehension and repetition in voicing (COMPLETE loss of language)

19
Q

Damage to basal nuclei (such as head of caudate on left side) can result in…

Study These Flashcards
A

Language disorders similar to Wernicke aphasia

20
Q

A right parietal lobe lesion can interfere with…

Study These Flashcards
A

a patient appreciating the prosody of speech

21
Q

What is contralateral neglect?

Study These Flashcards
A

Patient seems to be completely unaware of objects and events in the left half of his or her surrounding space

From a lesion of right parietal association cortex (nondominant)

22
Q

Syndrome of Nondominant Inferior Parietal Lobule:

Study These Flashcards
A
  • topographic memory loss (patient gets lost)
  • anosognosia (no recognition of a problem)
  • asomatognosia (not recognizing one’s body)
  • construction apraxia (cannot draw collective objects; understand spatial relationships)
  • dressing apraxia
  • contralateral hemineglect
  • left homonymous hemianopia

Disorders of affect that can also accompany: reduced ability to understand and appreciate humor, a loss of the ability to appreciate the prosody of speech, and often an inappropriate cheerfulness and lack of concern for or even awareness of the implications of the illness

23
Q

Contralateral hemineglect results from…

Study These Flashcards
A

Lesion to the centers for sensory attention within the (non-dominant) posterior parietal cortex (5,7) causing neglect of anything within the left (typically) visual field
- Serious cases show asomatognosia in which he/she doesn’t recognize left side of body –> dressing apraxia

24
Q

Prosopagnosia typically results from a _________

Study These Flashcards
A

right-sided lesion of temporal lobe

25
Apraxia results from:
damage to parietal association cortex, premotor cortex, or supplementary motor cortex
26
What is apraxia?
Higher level behavioral disorder involving motor coordination for execution of complex behaviors - This can affect the muscles of speech; unable to coordinate; no weakening (NOT APHASIA - that's where internal processing is impaired)
27
Give an example of apraxia.
A patient who can visually recognize a hammer, can name it, can explain what it is used for, and has the strength to pick it up, BUT will be unable to demonstrate how it is used to drive a nail into a board.
28
What is agnosia?
Loss of ability to interpret sensation (not the loss of the primary sensation); usually confined to a specific modality Typically results form lesion to the modality specific sensory association area
29
Significant bilateral damage to the prefrontal cortex results in:
- highly distractible, turning from one activity to another accord-ing to the novelty of a new stimulus rather than according to a plan; sometimes described as a lack of consistency of purpose - a lack of foresight; not able to anticipate or to predict future events on the basis of past events or present conditions - may be unusually stubborn in the face of advice with which they do not agree, and they may also perseverate in the performance of a task - displays a profound lack of ambition, a loss of the sense of responsibility, and a loss of a sense of social propriety
30
What is Gerstmann Syndrome (Syndrome of Dominant Inferior Parietal Lobule) ?
Lesion of the dominant inferior parietal lobe (angular gyrus) and possibly part of optic radiation - R/L disorientation - finger agnosia - agraphia - acalculia - right hemianopia (typically resulting from a PCA lesion which affects the optic radiation)
31
What is Frontal Lobe Syndrome? | frontal release signs - normally suppressed in development
Unmasking infantile reflexes (grasping, sucking), gait apraxia, sphincteric incontinence (urinary and fecal)
32
What is the Wada Test?
Inject sodium amytal into carotid artery --> contralateral paralysis --> assess language function looking for aphasia (indicating dominant hemisphere has been paralyzed) Been replaced by functional analysis via PET, fMRI, TMS
33
What is alexia without agraphia?
Results from lesion to dominant (left) occipital cortex from PCA occlusion involving the splenium of the corpus callosum where fibers cross from one side to the other PURE word blindness, no vision input to language centers (dominant) causing no language processing leading to alexia, language and motor areas intact so patient DOES NOT have agraphia, right homonymous hemianopsia CAN'T read, CAN write
34
What is alexia with agraphia?
Lesion to the inferior parietal lobule
35
What is dorsolateral syndrome?
Lesion to dorsolateral prefrontal cortex Apathy, lifeless, abulic state, LACK INITIATIVE, devoid of personality, no focus - Connected to regions representing the outside world
36
What is orbitofrontal syndrome?
Lesion to orbitofrontal prefrontal cortex Impulsive action and emotionally disinhibited behavior, poor judgment, irritability, euphoria, shoplifting, reckless driving, antisocial, sexually aggressive - Connected to regions monitoring internal states
37
What is a left frontal lesion?
Lesion to left prefrontal cortex Depression-like symptoms
38
What is a right frontal lesion?
Lesion to right prefrontal cortex Mania
39
What is prefrontal control of amygdala?
Sleep deprivation has been shown to impair the control exhibited by the prefrontal cortex on the amygdala/anterior cingulate cortex Moodiness and irrational decision-making
40
Attention is much more dominant on the...
right (nondominant) side Different from the visual field; person can see - this applies to attention only.
41
3 domains of frontal lobe function:
RIO (restraint, initiative, order) - inhibition of inappropriate behaviors - motivation to pursue production activities - correctly performing sequence of tasks
42
General functions of the prefrontal cortex:
- Working memory - Forming predictions about the future - Personality - Learning new material - Selective attention and arousal levels - Decision making - Planning
43
What are the 4 parallel channels through the basal ganglia?
- Limbic channel (MD, VA) - Oculomotor channel (VA, MD) - Prefrontal channel (MD, VA) - Motor channel (VL, VA)
44
What is the "worry circuit"?
Orbital frontal cortex --> basal ganglia

Neuroscience BB Exam 3 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions