cerebral cortex

Question 1

which layer of the cerebral cortex is mostly axons?

Answer 1

layer 1- molecular

Question 2

which layer is mostly granule cells?

Answer 2

layer II- external granule

layer IV- main granular

Question 3

which layer is dominated by pyramidal layers?

Answer 3

layer III- primary

layer V- giant

Question 4

which layer is dominated by all types of cells, stellate, pyramidal, fusiform?

Answer 4

layer VI- multiform

Question 5

excitatory granule cells release what neurotransmitter?

Answer 5

glutamate

Question 6

inhibitory granule cells release what neurotransmitter?

Answer 6

GABA

Question 7

which cell type is the least numerous of the 3 cell types in the cerebral cortex and gives rise to output fibers from cortex?

Answer 7

fusiform cells

Question 8

what are the 3 major cell types of cerebral cortex?

Answer 8

pyramidal
granule
fusiform

Question 9

which cells are a source of corticospinal projections and major efferent cells?

Answer 9

pyramidal cells

Question 10

most output leaves the cortex via which layers?

Answer 10

V and VI

Question 11

most incoming sensory signals terminate in which layer?

Answer 11

IV

Question 12

most intracortical association functions happen in which layers?

Answer 12

I-III

Question 13

what type of connections are extremely important and extensive in the cerebral cortex?

Answer 13

thalamic connections

Question 14

which cortical association area is associated with executive functions of behavior?

Answer 14

prefrontal association area

Question 15

what cortical association area is associated with working memory and processing of emotions?

Answer 15

prefrontal association area

Question 16

what area is involved with the formation of words?

Answer 16

Brocas area

Question 17

when cells are hyperactive in OCD what area is active?

Answer 17

orbital frontal cortex

Question 18

what area functions as an error detector- alerting you that something is amiss?

Answer 18

orbital frontal cortex

Question 19

what area is important for behavior, emotions and motivation?

Answer 19

limbic association area

Question 20

where is the area for language comprehension?

Answer 20

parieto-occipitotemporal AA

Question 21

where is the area for naming objects and facial recognition?

Answer 21

parieto-occipitotemporal AA

Question 22

what area contains Wernickes and the angular gyrus?

Answer 22

parieto-occipitotemporal AA

Question 23

where is the angular gyrus?

Answer 23

just behind wernickes

Question 24

what is the condition when a patient sees a close relative and thinks they are an impostor due to lack of emotion evoked by visually seeing them?

Answer 24

capgras syndrome

Question 25

What area is reciprocally connected with subcortical nuclei like amygdala and hypothalamus, has a high concentration serotonin and operates emotional decision making?

Answer 25

Ventromedial frontal areas

Question 26

which area is involved with judgement, planning for the future, holding and organizing events from memory?

Answer 26

prefrontal association area

Question 27

which hemisphere is dominant is 95% of the population?

Answer 27

left hemisphere

Question 28

which hemisphere is involved with language, spoken and written word, analytical function- math, speech

Answer 28

left- which is usually dominant

Question 29

which hemisphere is involved in music, non-verbal visual experience, body language, spatial relations

Answer 29

right- usually non-dominant

Question 30

what allows for bidirectional communication btw most of the 2 cortical hemispheres except for anterior portions of the temporal lobe

Answer 30

corpus callosum- also allows one hemisphere to inhibit the other

Question 31

what allows for bidirectional communication between anterior portions of the temporal lobe?

Answer 31

anterior commissure

Question 32

your ability to reconstruct the whole from a degraded fragment is called?

Answer 32

memory

Question 33

what makes up the allocortex?

Answer 33

archicortex &paleocortex

Question 34

what percent of the human cerebral cortex is the allocortex?

Answer 34

10%

Question 35

what other structures does the hippocampal formation contain?

Answer 35

hippocampus dentate gyrus subiculum

Question 36

what are the 3 layers of the hippocampus?

Answer 36

I V VI

Question 37

what are the 3 layers of the dentate gyrus?

Answer 37

I IV VI

Question 38

what is part of the parahippocampal gyrus?

Answer 38

subiculum

Question 39

what plays an important role in declarative and episodic memory?

Answer 39

hippocampal formation

Question 40

what are the 2 types of declarative memory?

Answer 40

episodic- every day life | semantic- factual info

Question 41

parahippocampal regions have bidirectional connections with what?

Answer 41

cerebral cortex

Question 42

what are principal cells in each of the layers that fire in complex bursts when an animal moves through a specific location in an environment?

Answer 42

hippocampal "place" cells- spatial

Question 43

the region in which a place cell fires the most is that cell's?

Answer 43

firing-field or place field

Question 44

what is an extremely rare phenomenon where a person has total recall of all events they have experienced since about age 10-14 to present

Answer 44

hyperthymestic syndrome

Question 45

reflexive/ implicit/ skill memory involves?

Answer 45

amygdala and cerebellum- non associative and associative learning

Question 46

the loss of ability to transfer learning from short term to long term, instantly forgetting daily life incidences and inability to store new long term memories would be from?

Answer 46

bilateral removal of hippocampus

Question 47

Which layer do spinal cord tracts originate from?

Answer 47

Layer V

Question 48

Which layer do thalamic connections originate from?

Answer 48

Layer VI

Question 49

Again, what are some executive functions of the prefrontal association area?

Answer 49

Judgement Planning for the future Holding and organizing events from memory Working memory

Question 50

What are some functions of the parietal-occipitotemporal AA?

Answer 50

Analysis of spatial coordinates of body Language comprehension (reading) Naming objects Face recognition

Question 51

Orbital frontal cortex is part of which AA?

Answer 51

Prefrontal association area