Cerebral Cortex/Association Areas

Question 1

Every cubic inch of cerebral cortex has about how many miles of nerve fibers in it?

Answer 1

10,000

Question 2

The number of neurons in the brain is about how many times greater than the number of humans on the planet?

Answer 2

30X (180 billion)

Question 3

A typical neuron is wired to about how many of its neighbors?

Answer 3

1000-2000

Question 4

What is Layer I of the cerebral cortex?

Answer 4

Molecular Layer

Question 5

What is the molecular layer of the cerebral cortex mostly made up of?

Answer 5

Axons

Question 6

What is Layer II of the cerebral cortex?

Answer 6

External Granule Layer

Question 7

What is the external granular layer of the cerebral cortex mostly made up of?

Answer 7

Granule (stellate) cells

Question 8

What is Layer III of the cerebral cortex?

Answer 8

External Pyramidal Layer

Question 9

What is the external pyramidal layer of the cerebral cortex mostly made up of?

Answer 9

Primary pyramidal cells

Question 10

What is Layer IV of the cerebral cortex?

Answer 10

Internal Granule Layer

Question 11

What is the internal granule layer of the cerebral cortex mostly made up of?

Answer 11

Granular cells

Question 12

What is Layer V of the cerebral cortex?

Answer 12

Internal pyramidal layer

Question 13

What is the internal pyramidal layer mostly made up of?

Answer 13

Giant pyramidal cells

Question 14

What is Layer VI of the cerebral cortex?

Answer 14

Multiform Layer

Question 15

What is the multiform layer of the cerebral cortex mostly made up of?

Answer 15

All types of cells (pyramidal, stellate, fusiform)

Question 16

What are the three major cell types found in the cerebral cortex?

Answer 16

Pyramidal, granule, and fusiform cells

Question 17

Pyramidal cells are a source of which projections?

Answer 17

Corticospinal

Question 18

Are pyramidal cells major afferent or efferent cells?

Answer 18

Efferent

Question 19

What type of cells in the cerebral cortex function as interneurons?

Answer 19

Granule cells

Question 20

Excitatory granule cells in the cerebral cortex release what neurotransmitter?

Answer 20

Glutamate

Question 21

Inhibitory granule cells in the cerebral cortex release what neurotransmitter?

Answer 21

GABA

Question 22

Do granule cells typically have short or long axons?

Answer 22

Short

Question 23

Which of the three types of cells in the cerebral cortex are the least numerous?

Answer 23

Fusiform cells

Question 24

What is the function of fusiform cells?

Answer 24

Give rise to output fibers from the cortex

Question 25

Most output leaves the cerebral cortex from which layers?

Answer 25

V and VI

Question 26

Spinal cord tracts originate in which layer of the cerebral cortex?

Answer 26

V

Question 27

Thalamic connections originate in which layer of the cerebral cortex?

Answer 27

VI

Question 28

Most incoming sensory signals terminate in which layer of the cerebral cortex?

Answer 28

IV (granule cell layer)

Question 29

Most intracortical association functions occur in what layers of the cerebral cortex?

Answer 29

I, II, III

Question 30

A large number of neurons in which layers of the cerebral cortex are short horizontal connections with adjacent cortical areas?

Answer 30

II, III

Question 31

What areas make up the bulk of the brain?

Answer 31

Association areas

Question 32

What do association areas do?

Answer 32

Integrate or associate information from diverse sources

Question 33

What is a good word to describe lesions that occur in the association areas?

Answer 33

Unpredictable

Question 34

What area is associated with prolonged though processes, executive functions of behavior, working memory, and elaboration of thought?

Answer 34

Prefrontal association areas

Question 35

What specific prefrontal association area of important for the processing of emotion?

Answer 35

Ventral medial frontal area

Question 36

What prefrontal association area is important for the formation of words?

Answer 36

Broca's Area

Question 37

What area contains cells that are hyperactive in OCD?

Answer 37

Orbital frontal cortex

Question 38

What are the three main things involved with the limbic association area?

Answer 38

Behavior, emotions, motivation

Question 39

What association area is important for analysis of spatial coordinates of the body, language comprehension, naming objects, and facial recognition?

Answer 39

Parieto-occipitotemporal association area

Question 40

What is a syndrome we discussed involving the parieto-occipitotemporal association area's function wit its analysis of spatial coordinates of the body?

Answer 40

Neglect syndrome

Question 41

What is the specific location for general language interpretation of auditory, visual, and somatic information?

Answer 41

Wernicke's Area

Question 42

What is the specific area for higher order visual signal processing?

Answer 42

Angular gyrus

Question 43

What is the term for impaired recognition of familiar faces?

Answer 43

Prosopagnosia

Question 44

When one identifies an object/face, projections flow from what location to where to allow deciphering of emotional significance of what was seen?

Answer 44

Fusiform gyrus to the amygdala

Question 45

What is the name of the condition where a person thinks his/her close relatives are imposters due to lack of emotion when VISUALLY seeing them?

Answer 45

Capgras Syndrome

Question 46

What causes Capgras Syndrome?

Answer 46

Damage/lesions to the parieto-occipitotemporal association area (inability to recognize faces)

Question 47

The ventromedial frontal association area is able to converge what two things to work together?

Answer 47

Emotion and decision making

Question 48

What association area is important for basic biologic regulation, emotional processing, social cognition, and behavior?

Answer 48

Ventromedial frontal areas

Question 49

Ventromedial frontal areas are reciprocally connected to what structures?

Answer 49

Subcortical nuclei like the amygdala and hypothalamus

Question 50

What was the concentration of serotonin S2 receptors found in monkeys whose behavior was socially adapted?

Answer 50

High concentration

Question 51

What was the concentration of serotonin S2 receptors found in monkeys whose behavior was aggressive and socially?

Answer 51

Low concentration