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BRS > cerebral inflammation > Flashcards

cerebral inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

How many meningeal layers?

A

3

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2
Q

where is CSF found

A

subarachnoid space

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3
Q

What is found in the subarachnoid space?

A

CSF, blood vessels and immune cells.

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4
Q

What is encephalitis?

A

Inflammation of the brain due to infection or autoimmune cause

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5
Q

What is meningitis?

A

Inflammation of the meningeal layers due to infection

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6
Q

What is cerebral vasculitis?

A

Inflammation of the blood vessel walls of the brain

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7
Q

What is myelitis?

A

inflammation of spinal cord within CNS

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8
Q

What is the vascularisiation of the CNS like?

A

Very dense and extensive vascularisation. Cells very close to capillaries.

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9
Q

What do pial vessels do?

A

Pial vessels extend in brain

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10
Q

What is the BBB like and why? How is transport usually across BBB?

A
  • BBB very tight has tight junctions between endothelial cells to prevent leakage of substances or substances that shouldn’t enter.
  • Transport usually by active transport by transporters on the BBB
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11
Q

What do perivascular glial cells (astrocytes) usually do?

A

Astrocytes have many functions, contribute to structure of BBB and are neuroprotective

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12
Q

What does the tightness of BBB capillaries mean for infectious agents and how is BBB exchange of substances achieved?

A

infectious blood borne agents cannot pass and BBB exchange of substances achieved by active transporters.

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13
Q

What does physical breach of the BBB cause? What can happen in the long-term?

A
  • Physical breach of BBB causes leakage of the blood substances into the brain.
  • Endothelial layer disruption & collagen disruption, fibrinogen leakage causes reaction in astrocytes to try to clear blood borne products.
  • Long-term this can cause fibrosis due to the damage of the blood vessels
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14
Q

What are the symptoms of encephalitis? How do they usually present ?

A

? Usually present initially with flu like symptoms (cold & fever) and later after week present with confusion, altered mental state, seizures, difficulty speaking, changes in personality, loss of consciousness

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15
Q

What is the cause of encephalitis? What are some causative agents?

A

Usually viral infections (herpes simplex, measles, chicken pox). Can also be due to other causes like fungal/bacterial infections, autoimmune or trauma.

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16
Q

What is treatment for encephalitis?

A

Depends on cause - can be antivirals, antibiotics, antifungals, analgesics for pain, steroids for inflammation, anti-convulsants for prophylaxis.

17
Q

What is multiple sclerosis MS?

A

Degenerative condition where autoantibodies attack the myelin of neurones which are responsible for saltatory conduction and and they get demyelination. Present with neurological deficits and later a completely different neurological presentation. Progression linked to neurodegeneration. Can have inflammatory demyelination too.

18
Q

What is seen on brown stain in MS? What is seen in white matter?

A
  • big holes on brown stain

- large areas of discolouration in white matter

19
Q

Why can symptoms vary in MS?

A

Very heterogenous because can present in different areas of the body and therefore cause different presentations/deficits

20
Q

What are some cells that infiltrate in MS and where do they infiltrate?

A

CD8, CD20, CD3 - perivascular immune infiltration

21
Q

What is meningitis?

A

Inflammation of the meningeal layers of the brain

22
Q

How many people does meningitis leave with impairment?

A

1 in 5

23
Q

What can happen in neonates with meningitis?

A

developmental problems

24
Q

How does meningitis present?

A

sudden fever, headache, confusion, photophobia, stiff neck, rash, double vision, nausea

25
Q

hat are common causes of meningitis?

A

Usually bacterial (meningococcal, pneumococcal, streptococcal (most common in neonates), haemophilus influenza type B), sometimes viral (rarely dangerous), fungal

26
Q

What should the treatment be?

A

quick IV antibiotics before diagnosis because very dangerous

27
Q

What diagnostic tests can be done for meningitis and what would be seen?

A

MRI, CSF (would see clear/colourless CSF with low glucose in bacterial meningitis, raised WCC), CT, bloods, urine analysis

BRS (81 decks)

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