Cerebral Vasculature Flashcards
-> Organisation of the nervous system: Compare and contrast the structure of the central, peripheral and autonomic (sympathetic and parasympathetic) nervous systems -> Nervous system disorders: Describe the clinical features and treatment options of central and peripheral nervous system disorders (52 cards)
1
Q
What does the brachiocephalic trunk bifurcate into?
A
- Right common carotid artery
- Right subclavian artery
2
Q
What artery supplies the head and neck?
A
- External carotid artery
3
Q
Which artery supplies the brain?
A
- Internal carotid artery
4
Q
Where does the internal carotid artery pass through into the cranial cavity?
A
- Carotid canal
5
Q
Which cranial bone is the carotid canal found in?
A
- Temporal bone
6
Q
Which arteries do the vertebral arteries arise from?
A
- Subclavian arteries
7
Q
Where do the vertebral arteries enter into the cranial cavity?
A
- Foramen magnum
8
Q
What do the paired vertebral arteries fuse into?
A
- Basilar artery
9
Q
Which artery connects the posterior and middle cerebral arteries?
A
- Posterior communicating artery
10
Q
What does the posterior cerebral artery supply (2)?
A
- Occipital lobe
- Inferior part of the temporal lobe
11
Q
What does the middle cerebral artery supply (2)?
A
- Temporal lobes
- Parietal lobes
12
Q
What does the anterior cerebral artery sypply (2)?
A
- Frontal lobes
- Superior medial parietal lobes
13
Q
Which artery connects the anterior cerebral arteries?
A
- Anterior communicating artery
14
Q
How is CSF reabsorbed?
A
- Via the arachnoid granules into the superior sagittal sinus
15
Q
Where does the transverse sinus drain into?
A
- Sigmoid sinus
16
Q
Where does the sigmoid sinus drain into?
A
- Internal jugular vein
17
Q
What are the meningeal layers?
A
- Dura mater
- Arachnoid
- Pia mater
18
Q
What are the two layers of the dura mater?
A
- Periosteal
- Meningeal
19
Q
Which layer is adherent to the inner surface of the bone?
A
- Periosteal dura layer
20
Q
What are the four types of haemorrhages?
A
- Extradural
- Subdural
- Subarachnoid
- Intracerebral
21
Q
What produces the cerebrospinal fluid?
A
- Produced by the choroid plexus (modified ependymal cells)
22
Q
What is the weakest point of the cranial cavity?
A
- Pterion - Ruptures the middle meningeal artery
23
Q
Which type of haemorrhage is associated with delayed symptoms?
A
- Subdural haemorrhage
24
Q
What are the two types of stroke?
A
- Ischaemic (Thrombo-emoblic)
- Haemorrhagic
25
What is a transient-ischaemic stroke?
* The consequences of a **temporary disruption of the circulation to part of the brain** due to thrombo-embolic causes
26
What is cerebral ischaemia?
* **Lack of sufficient blood supply to nervous tissue resulting in permanent damage if blood flow is not restored quickly**
* ****Compromised blood flow leads to anoxia considering there is a reduced availability of respiratory substrate and oxygen for the metabolic cerebral activity.
27
What is a thrombo-embolic stroke?
* The **formation of a thrombus** elsewhere within circulation can be degenerated into an embolus, being carried within circulation into cerebral arteries
* Atherosclerotic debris from the internal carotid artery can further contribute to the development of a thrombo-embolic stroke
28
What are the risk factors for a stroke (5)?
* Age
* Hypertension
* Cardiac disease
* Smoking
* T2DM
29
What is visual agnosia?
* The inability to recognise
30
What is prosopagnosia?
* A cognitive disorder of face perception
31
What is an extradural haemorrhage?
* A **collection of blood** that forms **between the inner surface of the skull and the outer layer of the dura** (endosteal layer)
32
What are the consequences of an extradural haemorrhage?
* Causes an **increase in intracranial pressure:**
* ****Pressure can strip the endosteal layer, away from the cranial cavity
* A rising level of intracranial will eventually **cause midline shift and tentorial herniation** - **compression of brainstem**
33
What type of pattern is shown on an MRI for an extradural bleed?
* **Lemon-shaped bleed**
34
What is a subdural haemorrhage?
* An **accumulation of blood** in the subdural space, the potential **space between the dura and arachnoid mater** of the meninges
35
Which types of vessels are implicated in a subdural haemorrhage?
* **Cortical** veins
36
What is a subarachnoid haemorrhage?
* **Blood accumulation with the subarachnoid space**
* Subarachnoid bleeds typically present at the **base of the brain**, most often due to **aneurysmal ruptures**
* Berry aneurysms are arterial swellings usually at the junction of arterial bifurcation
37
What type of aneursyms are common in subarachnoid haemorrhage?
* Berry Aneursyms
38
What is an intracerebral haemorrhage?
* Intracerebral haemorrhages usually arise from **ruptures of an arteriosclerotic small artery that has been weakened predominantly by chronic arterial hypertension**
* Charcot-Bouchard aneurysms more likely to be found in lenticulostriate vessels (Anterior circulation of the Circle of Willis and supplies the basal ganglia)
* Chronic hypertension can result in cerebral microbleeds
39
Which type of haemorrhage is linked with hypertension?
* Intracerebral haemorrhage
40
What is the perfusion field for the middle cerebral artery?
* The artery supplies a **portion of the frontal lobe** and the **lateral surface of the temporal** and **parietal lobes**
41
What is the perfusion field for the anterior cerebral artery?
* Supplies the **para-saggital midline of the brain**, perfusion of the **occipital fissure**
42
What is the perfusion field for the posterior cerebral artery?
* Largely supplies the **occipital lobe**, in addition to the **inferior region of the temporal lobe**
43
What are the symptoms that manifest from an ACA stroke (3)?
* **Contralateral motor paralysis** (leg\>arm)
* Disturbance of intellect, executive function and judgement (**abulia**)
* Loss of appropriate social behaviour (**disinhibition**)
44
Which type of stroke is referred to as a 'classic stroke'?
* **Middle cerebral artery stroke**
45
What are the symptoms that manifest from a middle cerebral artery stroke (4)?
* **Contralateral hemiplegia**
* **Contralateral hemisensory deficits**
* **Hemianopia**
* **Aphasia** (In a left-sided lesion)
46
Which two areas are specifically affected in a left-sided lesion to the middle cerebral artery?
* **Broca's area**
* **Wernicke's area**
47
What are the clinical manifestations for a posterior cerebral artery stroke (2)?
* **Visual agnosia** (Inability to recognise)
* **Prosopagnosia** (A cognitive disorder of face perception)
48
Which topographic region is most likely implicated in a MCA stroke?
* Arm \> leg
49
Identify a suitable diagnosis based on the image.
Subdural
## Footnote
Trauma, can be delayed clinical effects (venous, lower pressure)
50
Identify a suitable diagnosis based on the image.
Intracerebral
## Footnote
Spontaneous hypertensive
51
Identify a suitable diagnosis based on the image.
Extradural
## Footnote
Trauma, immediate clinical effects (arterial, high pressure)
52
Identify a suitable diagnosis based on the image.
Subarachnoid
## Footnote
Ruptured aneurysms
