Cerebrum

Question 1

True or False the cerebral cortex is composed of white matter

Answer 1

False, it is composed of grey matter

Question 2

Name the folds and grooves of the cerebrum

Answer 2

Fold=gyrus

Shallow Groove=sulcus

Deeper Groove= fissure

Question 3

What fissure separates the R and L hemispheres of the cerebrum

Answer 3

The longitudinal fissure

Question 4

How are gyri and fissures formed

Answer 4

They are formed during embryonic development, when grey matter enlarges faster than the deeper white mater.

Question 5

Describe the corpus callosum

Answer 5

largest fiber bundle in the brain that connects the R and L hemispheres of the cerebrum

-important commissural tract

Question 6

Name the 4 lobes of the cerebrum

Answer 6

1. Frontal
2. Parietal
3. Temporal
4. Occipital

Question 7

What 2 lobes does the central sulcus seperate

Answer 7

frontal from parietal

Question 8

What 2 lobes does the lateral sulcus separate

Answer 8

frontal from temporal

Question 9

What 2 lobes does the parieto-occipital sulcus separate

Answer 9

parietal from occipital

Question 10

What are association tracts

Answer 10

tracts that conduct impulses in the same cerebral hemisphere

Question 11

What are commissural tracts

Answer 11

tracts that conduct impulses in one cerebral hemisphere to another cerebral hemisphere

Question 12

What are projection tracts

Answer 12

tracts that conduct impulses from the cerebrum to the lower parts of the CNS

Question 13

What is the function of the basal ganglia

Answer 13

• the help regulate the initiation and termination of movements and controlling muscle tone
• it is also thought to play a role in action selection (which behavior should you execute at a given time)

Question 14

What is the basal ganglia also known as

Answer 14

Corpus stratium

Question 15

What are the 3 deep nuclei that make up the basal ganglia

Answer 15

1. Globus pallidus
2. Putamen
3. Caudate nucleus

Question 16

Damage to the basal nucleus is associated with?

Answer 16

Parkinson’s dz

may also play a part in ADHD and OCD

Question 17

Where are the emotional or affective (feelings) of the brain located

Answer 17

The limbic system

aka the emotional brain

Question 18

Where are the cerebral structures of the limbic system located

Answer 18

they encircle the upper part of the brain stem

Question 19

What are the main components of the Limbic system

Answer 19

• Fornix
• Limbic Lobe
• Olfactory bulbs
• Cingulate gyrus
• Hippocampus
• Amygdala
• Dentate gyrus
• Antererior and Medial nuclei of the thalmus
• Mammillary bodies of hypothalmus

Question 20

What is the function of the Hippocampus

Answer 20

converts new information into long term memories

Question 21

What is the function of the Amygdala

Answer 21

it is involved in behavioral patterns such as docile rage, presence or absences of fear and aggression

Question 22

What is the role of the olfactory bulbs

Answer 22

they synapse with the olfactory receptors and the mammillary bodies to convey smell

Question 23

What is the function of the mammillary bodies

Answer 23

they act as olfactory relay stations

Question 24

Where is the cingulate gyrus located

Answer 24

immediately superior to the corpus collosum

Question 25

What is the function of the cingulate gyrus

Answer 25

Integral part of limbic system that is involved in emotion formation and processing, learning and memory - coordinates sensory input into emotion - regulates aggressive behavior and pain

Question 26

Describe the structure of the Fornix and its function

Answer 26

Band of nerve fibers from the hippocampus to the mammillary body of the hypothalamus that archs over the thalamus -carries signals from the hippocampus to the hypothalamus

Question 27

What is damage to the hippocampus associated with

Answer 27

Anterograde amnesia ie the loss of ability to form new memories

Question 28

What is the function of the cerebral cortex

Answer 28

Seat of consciousness enables us to communicate, perceive, appreciate, remember and initiate voluntary movement

Question 29

What is localization

Answer 29

hemispheres of the cerebrum are symmetrical in structure but not in fxn

Question 30

True or False a functional area of the cortex acts alone

Answer 30

False, the whole cortex in some way is involved conscious behavior

Question 31

What does the R hemisphere of the cerebrum have greater control over

Answer 31

visual spatial skills, intuition, emotion, and appreciation of art and music

Question 32

What does the L hemisphere of the cerebrum have greater control over

Answer 32

Logic, mathematics, language

Question 33

What are the 2 areas associated w/ speech

Answer 33

Brocas area and Wernicke's area

Question 34

What part of speech is Brocas area associated w/ and what kind of aphasia occurs when this area is damaged

Answer 34

- Planning and production of speech | - Damage=non fluent aphasia, WORD REACHING, they know what they want to say but cannot speak

Question 35

What part of speech is Wernicke's area associated w/ and what kind of aphasia occurs when this area is damaged

Answer 35

- Interprets the meaning of speech by recognizing spoken words - Damage=fluent aphasia, CAN NOT RECOGNIZE WORDS (WORD SALAD, WORD DEAFNESS, WORD BLINDESS) may produce strings of perfectly good words that have no combined meaning

Question 36

What are the brain abnormalities at autopsy associated w/ Alzheimer's

Answer 36

- Loss of neurons - Destruction of nucleus basalis (basal nucleus) - Beta-amyloid plaques= abnormal proteins outside neurons - Neurofibrillary tangles=bundles of protein filaments inside neurons

Question 37

Describe the general progression of Alzheimers disease

Answer 37

1. Initially unable to remember recent events 2. The pt then becomes confused and forgetful often repeating Q's and gtting lost to familar places 3. Disorientation grows and longer term memories disappear 4. Basic activities of daily living disappear 5. Death from complications

Question 38

Define agnosia

Answer 38

inability to recognize the significance of sensory stimuli such as sounds, sight, smells, taste and touch

Question 39

Define apraxia

Answer 39

inability to carry out purposeful movements in the absence of paraplegia