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Axial skeleton: Anatomy and Biomechanics > Cervical Biomechanics > Flashcards

Cervical Biomechanics Flashcards

(41 cards)

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1
Q

Function of the spine

A
  • protects spinal cord and exiting spinal nerves
  • serves as attachment for muscles/ligaments
  • provides a structural base of support
  • is vertical sustaining rod to support upright posture
  • gives trunk mobility
  • provides a link between the upper and lower extremities
  • absorb shock for the entire body
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2
Q

Structure of spine (how many of each)

A
  • 33 vertebrae
  • 23 intervertebral discs
  • 7 cervical
  • 12 thoracic
  • 5 lumbar
  • 9 fused vertebrae
  • -5 sacral
  • -4 coccyx
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3
Q

primary spinal curves (where are they located, is it kyphotic or lordotic)

A
  • kyphotic
  • -thoracic spine
  • -sacral region
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4
Q

secondary spinal curves (where are they located, is it kyphotic or lordotic)

A

lordotic

  • -cervical spine
  • -lumbar spine
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5
Q

what is the degree of curvature in each region

A

cervical-30-35 deg lordosis
thoracic-40 deg kyphosis
lumbar-45 deg lordosis

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6
Q

functions of the intervertebral disc

A
  • bind vertebrae together
  • contribute to shape of spinal curves
  • absorb shock of vertical loading
  • stabilize spinal segments
  • facilitate movement in spine by acting as a spacer between the vertebrae
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7
Q

what is the nucleus pulpous and its function

A
  • soft gel-like interior

- shock absorber

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8
Q

what is the annulus fibrosis and its function

A
  • contains nucleus pulposus

- prevents herniation

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9
Q

ligaments and structures that limit flexion

A
  • Ligamentum nuchae
  • Interspinous ligament
  • Supraspinous ligament
  • Ligamentum flava
  • Apophyseal joints
  • Posterior annulus fibrosus
  • Posterior longitudinal ligament
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10
Q

ligaments and structures that limit extension (beyond neutral)

A
  • Apophyseal joints
  • Cervical viscera
  • Anterior annulus fibrosus
  • Anterior longitudinal ligament
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11
Q

ligaments and structures that limit axial rotation

A
  • Annulus fibrosus
  • Apophyseal joints
  • Alar ligament
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12
Q

ligaments and structures that limit lateral flexion

A
  • Intertransverse ligaments
  • Contralateral annulus fibrosus
  • Apophyseal joints
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13
Q

what type of joint is the AO joint

A

synovial joint

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14
Q

AA joint: joint articulations (medial joint)

A
  • two synovial cavities around the dens (anterior/posterior)

- transverse ligament of the axis

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15
Q

AA joint: joint articulations (lateral joint)

A

2 lateral joints

  • superior zygapopyseal facets of the axis
  • inferior zygapophyseal facets of the atlas
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16
Q

what motion does the AO joint allow for

A

nodding

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17
Q

what motion does he AA joint allow for

Study These Flashcards
A

rotation of the head

18
Q

what are each pair of vertebrae connected through (C3-7)

Study These Flashcards
A
  • 2 zygopophyseal joints
  • 2 uncovertebral joints
  • interbody joint with the intervertebral disc
19
Q

describe type 1 coupling

Study These Flashcards
A

Sidebending and rotation occur in OPPOSITE directions

20
Q

describe type 2 coupling

Study These Flashcards
A

Sidebending and rotation occur in SAME directions

21
Q

where is the first cervical disc located

Study These Flashcards
A

between C2 and C3

22
Q

How is the nucleus pulposus contained in the cervical spine ?

Study These Flashcards
A

by the posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL)

23
Q

What is the function of the transverse ligament?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Main stabilizer of the dens

* Limits the amount of flexion in the AA joint

24
Q

What can compromise the transverse ligament?

Study These Flashcards
A

Down syndrome and rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

25
what is the function of the alar ligament
• Limits rotation of the head • Limits lateral flexion of the head to the opposite side (From dens to medial side of occipital condyles)
26
How many degrees of freedom does the AO joint have? and what are they?
3 degrees - sagittal: flexion/extension - frontal: sidebending - Transverse: rotation
27
How many degrees of freedom does the AA joint have? and what are they?
2 degrees -transverse: rotation (primary movement) -sagittal: flexion/extension (convex on convex)
28
Capsular pattern/s for AO joint
* Extension = Side bending | * Flexion > Extension
29
Capsular pattern/s forAA joint
- rotation
30
arthokinematics for C3-C7 (closed, open and capsular pattern)
-Closed= full extension -Open= Resting position midway between flexion and extension -capsular pattern • Side bending = Rotation • Extension > Flexion
31
cervical flexion arthokinematics (at AO, AA and C2-7)
AO- anterior roll, posterior glide AA- superior tilt C2-7- anterior translation, anterior rotation
32
cervical extension arthokinematics (at AO, AA and C2-7)
AO- posterior roll, anterior glide AA- inferior tilt C2-7- posterior translation, posterior rotation
33
cervical retraction arthokinematics (at AO, AA and C2-7)
AO-anterior roll, posterior glide AA- superior tilt C2-7-posterior translation, posterior rotation
34
cervical protraction arthokinematics (at AO, AA and C2-7)
AO- posterior roll, anterior glide AA- inferior C2-7- anterior translation, anterior rotation
35
cervical rotation arthokinematics (at AO, AA and C2-7)
AO-negligible AA- Ipsilateral posterior glide/medial glide, Contralateral anterior/lateral glide C2-7- Ipsilateral posterior/medial glide-contralateral anterior/lateral glide
36
cervical lateral flexion arthokinematics (at AO, AA and C2-7)
AO- ipsilateral roll, contralateral slide AA- negligible C2-7- ipsilateral posterior glide/approximation- contralateral anterior glide/gapping
37
What coupling is at AO and AA joint
Type 1- opposite side rotation
38
what coupling is at C2-7
Type 2- same side rotation
39
What is torticollis? and what is affected?
congenital muscular disorder | -unilateral contracture of the SCM
40
what is thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS)? what is affected?
- compression of the brachial plexus and/or subclavian vessels - mimic ulnar n. entrapment (numbness and tingling)
41
what is cervical radiculopathy? what is affected?
- neurogenic pain in the distribution of cervical nerve root - caused by herniation of cervical disc - patient may present with decreased cervical lordosis and reduced ROM

Axial skeleton: Anatomy and Biomechanics (7 decks)

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