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Semester 3 FS Exam 1 > Cervical Biomechanics > Flashcards

Cervical Biomechanics Flashcards

(119 cards)

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1
Q

Mechanically the spine is

A

Long, slender, flexible, curved beam

Similar segments that can be considered in isolation

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2
Q

Mechanical functions of the spine

A

Structural support for musculoskeletal torso
Flexibility of motion for activities
Protection of the spinal cord

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3
Q

Mechanical stability elements - passive elements

A

vertebrae, disc, facets, ligaments

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4
Q

Mechanical stability elements - active elements

A

muscles

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5
Q

Mechanical stability elements - the stability is obtained through the

A

highly developed dynamic neuromuscular control system

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6
Q

Spine - disturbances

A

Biological factors (degeneration)
Acute or cumulative fatigue injuries
Surgical procedures

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7
Q

Triangular column of support

A

Anterior pillar along vertebral bodies (starts at C2)

Posterior pillars bilaterally along zygopophyseal articulations (starts at occ bone)

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8
Q

Occipital condyles - located on which part of occipital bone

A

inferior surface

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9
Q

Occipital condyles - articulate with

A

superior facets of the atlas

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10
Q

Occipital condyles - shape

A

oval

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11
Q

Occipital condyles - Anterior extremities are

A

forward and medial

closer together anteriorly

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12
Q

Occipital condyles - posterior extremities are

A

extended back to the middle of foramen magnum

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13
Q

Occipital condyles - articular surfaces of the condyles are

A

convex AP and ML

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14
Q

A typical vertebrae has

A 
Body
2 pedicles
2 laminae
2 TP
4 articular processes
1 spinous process
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15
Q

C1 - lateral masses inline with

A

occipital condyles
TP
muscles attach

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16
Q

C1 - superior surface is

A

biconcave AP
Articular surfaces sup and med
Outer margins sup
Double facets - non articular middle section

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17
Q

C1 - inferior surface

A

flat facets
slightly convex AP
Directed inferior and lateral

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18
Q

C1 - arches

A

slender ant and post

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19
Q

C1 - ant arch

A

short and slender, small facet for the dens

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20
Q

C2 - accepts load from

A

atlas (A-A joints)

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21
Q

C2 - transmits load to

A

C3

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22
Q

C2 - 3 IVD is

A

anterior

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23
Q

C2 - 3 Zygopophysial joints are

A

posterior

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24
Q

C2 - dens/odontoid process

A

pivot A-A joint

axial rotation

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25
C2 - superior surface - facets are
facets are lateral to dens Face up and lateral Sloped inferiorly
26
C2 - inderior surface - facets are
located posteriorly to the superior facets
27
C2 - lamina
broad and robust
28
C2 - spinous process
bifid
29
Typical cervical vertebrae - exhibit features of
load bearing, stability, mobility
30
Typical C vertebrae - vertebral bodies have the ability to
ability to bear and transmit axial loads
31
Typical cervical vertebrae - vertebral bodies sup surface
concave ML | sloped down ant
32
Typical cervical vertebrae - vertebral bodies inf surface
concave AP | Ant lip projects ant - inf
33
Typical cervical vertebrae - uncinate processes
sup post lat border Not present early in life prevents above vertebrae from gliding side to side
34
Typical cervical vertebrae - Facets - function
support weight and offer stability limit glide motion btw consecutive vertebrae prevent above vertebrae to translate forward Directed btw the frontal and transverse planes
35
Typical cervical vertebrae - inf facet
face inf ant
36
Typical cervical vertebrae - sup facet
face sup post
37
Cranio-vertebral joints
Two atlanto-occipital joints | Three atlanto-axial joints (2 lateral, 1 median)
38
Cranio-vertebral joint - OA
Superior concave sockets of the atlas Occipital condyles of the skull First few degrees of flex and ext occur here
39
Cranio-vertebral joint - Lateral AA
Superior articular process C2 Inferior articular process C1 Covered with hyaline cartilage Facet surface is flat
40
Cranio-vertebral joint - Median AA
Odontoid process | Osseoligamentous ring
41
Cranio-vertebral joint ligaments - false ligaments = why called false?
Not organized dense areolar tissue - their ability to restrict motion is low due to the lack of organization
42
Names of false ligaments
Posterior and anterior OA membranes (ant and post arches of C1 to foramen magnum) Posterior, anterior AA membranes - very flimsy Membrane tectoria Apical ligament
43
Cranio-vertebral joint ligaments - membrane tectoria
Wide sheet of collagen fibers invested in dense irregular connective tissue Converting AA ligament complex Continuation of Post long ligament Connects body of C2 to internal surface of occipital bone
44
Which ligament is a continuation of the post long ligament
membrane tectoria
45
Cranio-vertebral joint ligaments - apical ligament
Tricial in size, thin, from odontoid process to the ant rim of the foramen magnum
46
Cranio-vertebral joint ligaments - proper ligaments
Alar ligaments Transverse ligament Cruciform ligament
47
Cranio-vertebral joint ligaments - proper ligaments - alar
Sides of dens to lateral margins of foramen magnum - connects dens to occ bone Controls rotation and side to side movement Restricts contralateral rot
48
Cranio-vertebral joint ligaments - proper ligaments - transverse
Occipital tubercles to lateral mass of C1 Holds dens against ant arch of C1 Holds the dens inside
49
Cranio-vertebral joint ligaments - proper ligaments - cruciform ligament
Transverse ligament is part of it | It is a reinforcement of the post structures
50
Joints of the lower cervical spine
IVDs btw vertebral bodies below C2 | Zygapophyseal (facet) joints
51
Cervical IVD are thicker where?
thicker ant - contributes to lordotic curve
52
Cervical IVD - nucleus
fibrocartilaginous core - no gelatinous component Has ability to regenerate Nerve endings - pain No nucleus polpusus
53
Cervical IVD - Annulus Ant
Thick crescent of oblique fibers connecting the bodies like an interosseous membrane
54
Cervical IVD - Annulus post
thin, narrow vertically oriented joining the bodies
55
Cervical IVD - Annulus lat
flimsy fascial tissue cont. periosteum
56
Cervical IVD - function
accommodate motion and are strong enough to transfer loads
57
Cervical facet joints - location
Inferior articular process of one vertebrae with the ipsilateral superior articular process of the vertebrae below
58
Cervical facet joints - description
typical synovial joints articular facets round or oval often right/left symmetry
59
Cervical facet joints - joint capsule thick and thin
Thick - med ant lat | Thin - post
60
Cervical facet joints - in neutral position the capsules are
lax - allow a large ROM
61
Cervical facet joints - at the extreme ranges the capsules
are taut and function as stabilizers
62
Orientation of the facets contribute to
the segmental function btw vertebrae
63
Orientation of the facet - C3 sup process
Facets face sup and post (about 45 deg) and med | Form a socket to enclose the inf ant processes of C2
64
Orientation of the facet - Changes in facet orientation
From medial C2/C3 to lateral C7/T1 | Transition from med to lat occurs at C5/C6
65
Orientation of the facet - Facets sit ___ relative to the body of the vertebra
Higher
66
Height and inclination of the facets is higher as you what
descend | As you go down the facet inclination is higher
67
C7-T1 = cantilevered
where the neck is cantilevered off - the more rigid the thoracic spine
68
Ligaments of lower cervical spine - Anterior long ligament
Attaches to skull superior Loose attachment to discs Attached to vertebral bodies Limits extension
69
Ligaments of lower cervical spine - Posterior long ligament
Attached to disc and body | Limits translations
70
Ligaments of lower cervical spine - Ligamentum nuchae
Occipital protuberance to SP of all 7 vertebrae Dense irregular connective tissue Continuation of supraspinous ligament - major limiting structure with flexion
71
Ligaments of lower cervical spine - ligamenta flava
Terminate at lamina of C1-C2 | Limit flexion bilaterally and rotation in opp directions
72
Atypical vertebrae - kinematics - OA
First for flex/ext 15-30 degrees in total of flex/ext (nodding motion) LF and rot are possible but limited
73
Atypical vertebrae - kinematics - OA - flexion
convex occipital condyles glide posterior on concave atlas
74
Atypical vertebrae - kinematics - OA - extension
Occipital condyles glide anterior on atlas
75
Atypical vertebrae - kinematics - AA
The first for rotation axial rotation mainly 30-43 degrees on each side 50% of the rotation of cervical spine - occurs here first and then rest of cervical spine
76
Typical vertebrae - kinematics - DOF
6 DOF Translation - ML, up/down, A/P Rotation - AP axis, Long axis, ML axis
77
Segmental movements of the spine - Flex/Ext
A lot at OA and then limited at AA and then begins to inc a bit but then is limited again Change at C5/6 when facet orientation changes from med to lateral
78
Segmental movements of the spine - lateral flex
Non btw C1 and C2 and then dec as move down cervical region
79
Segmental movements of the spine - rotation
Limited/none at OA | Most rotation at AA then pretty flat after that
80
Typical vertebrae - kinematics - entire cervical spine moves
as a unit | Facets guide the movement
81
Tyical vertebrae - kinematics - flex/ext is
uncoupled - horizontal translation is limited Flex - sup vertebrae will move ant and sup Ext - sup vertebrae will move post and inf SP limit motion
82
Cervical vertebrae - coupled motions - lateral flexion is coupled with
ipsilateral rotation Contralateral inf facet moves ant and sup Ipsilateral inf facet moves post and inf
83
Cervical vertebrae - coupled motions - rotation is coupled with
ipsilateral flexion Contralateral inf facet glides sup Ipsilateral inf facet glides inf
84
Cervical vertebrae - coupled motions - to bend to the R you also
rotate to the R
85
Cervical vertebrae - coupled motions - to rotation to the R you also
lat flex to the R
86
Ligaments that strain flexion
``` Ligamentum nuchae Ligamentum flavum Post AO membrane Post long lig Tectorial membrane ```
87
Ligaments that strain extension
Ant long ligament | Anterior AO membrane
88
Ligaments that strain rotation
Alar ligaments (def contralateral rot but some say both)
89
Suboccipital muscles - action
Deep plane 4 on each side Bilaterally extend head Unilaterally rot and laterally flex in ipsilateral direction
90
Suboccipital muscles - Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor
Deeper, btw atlas and occ bone Closer to midline Controls/limits motion at OA
91
Suboccipital muscles - Rectus Capitis Posterior Major
More sup btw axis and occ bone Controls/limits motion at OA and AA More lateral
92
Suboccipital muscles - Oblique capitis superior and inferior
More lateral so will have greater effect on lat flex
93
Semispinalis plane
Large group of muscle fibers that originate from transverse processes of the thoracic vertebrae Semispinalis Capitis and Cervicis
94
Semispinalis plane - Capitis
TP to occipital bone | Will act on OA
95
Semispinalis plane - Cervicis
TP to SP of cervical region Will not act on OA Helps rotate contralaterally
96
Semispinalis plane mm action
bilaterally extend the head and inc lordosis of cervical region unilateral ipsilateral LF
97
Splenius and levator plane
``` large flat group on sup and med aspect fo post neck Splenius capitis Splenius cervicis Levator scap Longissimus capitis ```
98
Splenius capitis
Finishes on skull | Very lat and post attachment
99
Splenius cervicis
Finsihes on cervical region (SP to TP)
100
Levator scap
Contributes into ext, ipsilateral flex and rot
101
Longissimus capitis
bilateral ext | unilateral ipsilateral flex
102
Splenius muscles action
bilateraly ext, control flex, inc lordosis, ipsilateral flex and rot
103
Superficial plane
Trap
104
Trap attachments
Lig nuchae, occ bone, and distally at scapula | Has effect on skull and cervical region
105
Trap action cervical
Bilaterally ext cervical region Unilaterally ipsi flexion and cont rot also elevate scap and up rotation of it
106
Flexors of head and neck
``` Anterolaterally around the neck SCM Scalenes Longus capitis Longus colli ```
107
SCM
Ipsilateral flex and contralateral rot Attached on mastoid process (post to OA so bring chin up) Can also pull cervical region forward (flex) Ext at OA and flex at lower cervical
108
Scalenes
Post attaches at second rib Help into flexion bilaterally Unilaterally - Ipsilateral flex and if any rot would be contralateral
109
Longus Capitis
Attach at TP | Stability of upper joints
110
Longus Colli
Attached to bodies of cervical region, stabilizing cervical region
111
Cervical spine - neutral zone
Rot 35 in each direction flex/ext and LR 10 in each direction Motion here is no restricted - things that resist come into play after this
112
Cervical spine - muscle interactions
More muscles than motions Multiple muscles doing same action Single muscle contributes to multiple actions
113
Cervical spine - muscle interactions - muscle synergy
activation of multiple muscles to produce a desired movement
114
Least stress on the spine occurs when
the head is basically centered over the spinal column below so there is minimal muscle tension necessary to hold head up - biomechanical normal good posture
115
Forward head posture - every 2-3cm the head is held forward requires exertion of
70-140N of extra muscle tension wich means there is less muscle strength available to support outside loads
116
Cervical spine proper posture
Shoulders are held back and down Thoracic spine curves forward only slightly Scapulae are flat and dont wing out Chest curves out forward but shoulder tips wouldnt touch yardstick Collar bones are level or only slope slightly upwards From front chin is at least 5cm if not 8-10 above clavicular notch
117
JRF at AA joint
1.5 times the weight
118
JRF at typical
3 times the weight
119
Acceleration injuries
whiplash - head gets left behind - maintains its inertia - whether motionless or in motion it will keep its velocity and position

Semester 3 FS Exam 1 (2 decks)

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