Cervidae Flashcards

Question

What is the scientific name of the winter tick? What cervid species is particularly susceptible? Desacribe the life cycle of the tick. WHat are the common clinical signs in affected animals?

Answer 1

* Susceptible Species: * North American cervids and reindeer, particularly moose * Etiology: Dermacentor albopictus * Pathogenesis: * Ticks engorge late in winter, mate, and leave host * Numbers can reach tens of thousands on moose (up to 178,000) * Calves are especially vulnerable * Clinical signs * Poor nutritional condition, alopecia and hair breakage, anemia, hydropericardium – death can occur from severe anemia and exhaustion * \Diagnosis: high densities of ticks in animals above 60 degrees north in America

Answer 2

* Susceptible Species: * Multiple NA and European cervid species * Etiology: Cephenemyia spp – nasal, pharyngeal, head, or throat bots * Diptera, Osstridae * Pathogenesis: * Female fly deposits larval packets in nostrils * First instar larvae develop within the nasal cavity * Second instar larvae are in the retropharyngeal pouches * Clinical signs * Generally, do not cause significant pathology * Aberrant migration through the cranial has been reported * Additionally animals with additional respiratory difficulty may suffocate as a result of these bbbots * Histo Lesions: local eosinophilic and mastocytic inflammation * Diagnosis: bots within nasal cavities or pharyngeal pouches

Answer 3

* Susceptible Species: * White-tailed deer, moose, elk, axis, fallow, sika, mule, black-tailed deer * Etiology*: Lipoptena* and *Neolipoptena spp.* - Hippoboscidae * Pathogenesis: * Hematogenous biting flies – shed wings once they find a host * Can spread from doe to fawn during suckling * Clinical signs * Pathology is rarely reported * Severe cases can result in poor nutritional condition, generalized lymphadenopathy, severe bilateral alopecia with crusting dermatitis on sheeks, ventral neck, lateral thorax, abdomen – less severe on dorsal neck, back and limbs * Histo Lesions: orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis, epidermal hyperplasia, perivascular dermatitis with eosinophil, lymphocytes, macrophage, and plasma cell infiltrate) * Diagnosis: presence of wingless flies on the animal

Answer 4

* Susceptible Species: * Elk, white-tailed deer, mule deer, moose, reindeer * Etiology: Conversion of endogenous cellular prion protein in tissues such as brain and lymph node to abnormal protease resistant form * Oral and nasal exposure by contact with infected animals or indirect environmental sampling during eating or rut * Clinical signs * Progressive weight loss and degeration of the nervous system – behavior, ataxia, excessive thirst and urination, hyporexia, teeth grinding * Histo Lesions: neuronal vacuolation of obex, neuronal degeneration and loss, astrocytosis; gliosis * Diagnosis: * Early detection in lymphoid tissue – GALT, lymph nodes, tonsils * Medial retropharyngeal lymph node and obex of the brain are the most sensitive sites for testing

Answer 5

o Defining characteristic is possession of antlers in males. ▪ Except Chinese water deer. ▪ Reindeer and caribou females also antlered. ▪ Antlers arise from frontal bones and skin and are covered with highly vascularized and sensitive skin (velvet). When mating season approaches, testosterone rises and antlers harden and velvet dries. When testosterone levels decline a layer of bone-dissolving cells invades the base of the antlers and causes them to fall off.

Answer 6

o Scent glands - Facial gland in front of each eye/periorbital, glands on legs. o Dental formula – I 0/3, c 0-1/1, pm 3/3, m 3/3 x 2 = 32-34. ▪ Hydropotes, Muntiacus, Elaphodus – Maxillary canines saber-shaped, large. ▪ Tooth wear can be used for aging. o Lack a gall bladder. o Two pairs of mammae. o Bicornuate uterus except Pere David’s deer and barking deer – only right uterine horn. o Gestation variable, epitheliochorial, cotyledonary placenta. ▪ Oligocotyledonary – few caruncles compared to other polycotyledonary arteriodactyls. ▪ Most have 1-2 young, each develops in own horn, twins common. ▪ Umbilical cord contains two arteries, two veins, and an allantoic duct. ▪ Amniotic plaques incidental finding. o Hepatic lipidosis typical in some spp during rut.

Answer 7

o Chevrotain (Tragulidae): four-chambered stomach with poorly developed omasum, have 4 toes (like pigs and hippopotami) and incomplete fusion of the 3^rd and 4^th metacarpals and metatarsals; lack antlers elongated upper canines (like musk deer); lack preorbital scent glands but posess a chin gland o Musk deer (Moschidae): lack antlers, have gallbladder, one pair of mammary glands, no facial glands, but well developed preputial or musk glands

Answer 8

* Special Housing (F8): * Antlers may become caught in any form of fencing. * Dead trees and logs act as rubbing posts when stags lose their velvet. * Housing (MMWS): * Diet in short term care: hay, deer pellets, local flora * Mating season: Oct-Dec, primiparous does have 1 fawn then twins or up to 4. * Gestation 187-222 days * Parturition in spring, neonates are precocious * Birth weights 2.5-4 kg, triple their weight in first month * Weaned from 8-12 wks * First mold in autumn - lose their spotted hair coat * Fawns are stashed by mom during the day - true rejection indicated by frequent loud vocalization of neonate, dehydration, fly eggs * Aging fawns: * \<1 wk old: scab over umbilicus * Lost spots around 3-4 mo old * Male fawns: antler pedicles develop around 4 mo, much more visibly by 7 mo * Weight 34-38.5 kg at 6 mo and 41 kg by 1 year * Have 4 teeth when born, grow premolars and incisors after 2 mo, have full set of adult teeth by 1.5 yr * Pen size recommendations: * Infant deer, pronghorn, and bighorn sheep: 4’x4’x2’ high * Infant elk: 6’x6’x2’ high * If umbilicus present: individually quarantine indoors, can move outdoors when umbilicus sloughs off * Cohorts quarantined minimum 6 days and 3 negative fecals EOD * Nursing/preweaned deer, pronghorns, bighorn sheep: 10’x15’x6’ high * Nursing/preweaned elk: 12’x20’x6’ high * No \> 3-4 fawns/stall - Move to large outdoor yards/paddocks when rack trained and growing: at least 8’ high - Deer, pronghorns, bighorn sheep: min 1500 square feet - Elk: min 4000 square feet - Access panels to minimize human exposure - Electric fence to keep out predators - Max 15-20 fawns per 30’x50’ yard - Adults: outdoor wooden paddock - Deer, bighorn sheep: min 30’x50x’8’ high - Elk: 50’x80’x8’ high - Circular pens encourage running along walls rather than cornering and injuring themselves - Pronghorns can leap long distances, bighorn sheep can leap great heights

Answer 9

* Nutrition (F8): * Musk, moose, roe deer = browsers on dicotyledonous plants * Brachydont dentition (low-crowned) for attritional wear * Will ingest a higher proportional content of concentrate pellets in captivity which can lead to chronic ruminal acidosis and “wasting syndrome complex“ in moose with decreased relative life expectancy * Père David deer, fallow deer = grazers on monocotyledonous plants * Longer retention time of fiber in the rumen and less frequent feeding needs * Hypsodont dentition (high-crowned teeth) adapted to abrasive wear * Excess feeding of pregnant Père David deer can result in dystocia by oversized calf * Deer may lose up to 10% of BW because of higher energy demands in the winter season. Deer overwintered indoors will have much lower energy requirements so supplementary feeding may be greatly reduced * Diet (MMWS): * Concentrate selectors: browse trees and shrubs * Commercial deer diets in low-sided pans, free choice alfalfa or grass hay * Fawns do not become fully functioning ruminants till 2 mo old, will graze at a few wks old * Colostrum: fawns \< 12-24 hr, frozen bovine or caprine colostrum or powdered colostrum supplement * Hold bottle at 45’ angle to prevent aerophagia, neck outstretched to ensure formula flows down esophageal groove * No \> 50-66 mL/kg/feed (stomach capacity) * Manually stimulate neonates to urinate/defecate at each feeding * Wean around 6 wk old, D/C formula between 8-12 wk old * Should forage exclusively natural browse at least 3 wks after weaning and prior to considering release

Answer 10

- Reproduction o Rut occurs during fall season o Gestation lasts over winter and calves born in spring. Exception: roe deer that have rut in summer and fertilized ovum doesn’t implant until the shortest day of the year so that the calf is born in spring o Reproduction triggered by short day length which stimulates the pineal gland to initiate one or two silent ovulations. Shortened day length also stimulated luteal hormone secretion in males = activates testicular development, spermatogenesis and secretion of testosterone = antler minieralization o Tropical deer show little or no seasonality and may breed throughout the year. When moved to temperate region, some may remain aseasonal. Javan deer exhibits reverse seasonality * Contraception: * Porcine zona pellucida vaccine * GNRH vaccines * Routine anthelminthic tx should be based on knowledge of resident helminths and their life-cycles and susceptibility of the species * Any animals to be imported should be tested for tuberculosis and helminths before transport and quarantine after arrival

Answer 11

**_Preventative Medicine_** * F8: * Carrying capacity should be set and excess animals culled to minimize risk of contamination of infectious organisms * Subadult males should be removed before they start to threaten the stag’s position * Zoonotic risks (MMWS): Giardia, cryptosporidium, dermatophytosis, Dermatophilus congolensis, ticks * Wear disposable gloves, gown, shoe covers

Answer 12

* Physical restraint: * Small deer can be confined in padded boxes and then restrained. Should only be restrained in lateral recumbency for short periods of 15 mins or less * Can apply hobbles and blindoflds * Can also use collecting funnels from paddocks * Male cervids and both sexes of reindeer should not be restrained when antlers are in growth bc potential for major blood loss and severe pain associated w/ trauma. Once hardened the antlers should be removed if the stags are to go through a handling system

Answer 13

* Chemical anesthesia: * Prone to capture myopathy, hyperthermia, trauma * Captive deer often have very different drug requirements very different from free-raning animals * Relatively high doses of alpha-2 agonists needed, excitation may overcome drug’s sedative effects; can be combined with opioids to reduce excitation, muscle tremors and resp depression * Re-narcotization can occur some hours after reversal bc shorter duration of action of some antagonists compared with opioid drug, should monitor for 72h * Thiafentanil oxalate has the advantages of more rapid induction, equal or greater potency and shorter half-life, thus reducing likelihood of renarcotization * Telazol has long recovery period unless zolazepam is antagonized with flumazenil * BAM: hyperthermia is avoided, excellent respiration and good muscle relaxation in white tailed deer, but results in fallow deer have been disappointing * After induction should position with neck extended but nose pointing slightly downward to reduce likelihood of aspiration and ruminal tympany * Intubation aided with long laryngoscope, stylet and IV bolus of ketamine (1-2 mg/kg) or propofol (2-4 mg/kg) * Should withhold food 24-36h prior and water 12h * Should extubate with the cuff still partially inflated and only when swallowing reflex has returned

Answer 14

* Neuroleptics: * Extrapyramidal side effects may occur * Butyrophenones azaperone and haloperidol admin IM or IV are shorter acting (72h) * Phenothiazines are slower in onset but longer-acting and may only be given IM * Zuclopenthixol acetate lasts up to 4 days * Perphenazine enanthate up to 10 days, time to onset of action is correspondingly long

Answer 15

* F9 Ch 92 Babesiosis in Cervidae: * Babesia capreoli, venatorum (Eu) and odocoilei (in NA) * B. venatorum has zoonotic potential = malaria-like disease * Primary vector in NA : Ixodes scapularis (black legged tick), but Dermacentor spp. also implicated * Parasites induce lysis of erythrocytes à releasing parasites in circulation * Intra and extravascular immune-mediated hemolysis * Thrombocytopenia : immune-mediated platelet destruction or from CIVD * Reservoir : white-tailed deer (rarely clinical unless immunosuppressed) * Overt hemolytic disease resported in reindeer, caribou, American elk, musk oxen * Factors involved in disease emergence : * Climate change à more widespread tick population (seasonality) * Migratory birds that travel ectoparasites over large territories * Clinical signs : * _Peracute_ : sudden death * _Acute_ : hemolytic disease, hemoglubinuria, hemorrhage, icterus * _Chronic_ : pyrexia, anemia, emaciation * Low-level parasitism in erythrocytes * _Subclinical_ : transient anemia * Diagnosis : * Peripheral blood smear : * Ring-shaped organisms at periphery (accoté position) * Nb of parasites +++ variable (removal of infected erythrocytes), not always present * Hematology and Biochemistry : * Inflammatory leukogram * Normocytic, normochromic regenerative anemia * Biochemistry changes as the consequence of hemolysis : azotemia (hemoglobinuric nephropathy), hepatic changes (centrolobular necrosis of hepatocytes secondary to decreased blood flow), hyperbilirubinemia (extravascular hemolysis) * PCR on whole blood * PCR on spleen samples (post-mortem)

Answer 16

* Treatment : * Babesiacides : diminazene diaceturate, imidocarb dipropionate (2.2 – 3 mg/kg), amicarbalide * \*Anemia can still worsen after tx bc of continued removal of erythrocytes * Anti-inflammatory meds * Fluid therapy (to prevent hemoglobinuric nephropathy) * Prognosis grave in acute dz. * Supportive care. * Blood transfusions. * No known blood groups in cervids. * Prevention : * Tick control : pasture management (short grass), acaricides * Eradicate ticks, tick control, exclude wild deer. * Topical amitraz and permethrin. * Ivermectin 0.4 mg/kg SQ or orally. * Care when translocating. * Minimize translocating Babesia to non-endemic areas as well as to minimize stress. * Babesiacidal compounds when translocating cervids to and from Babesia-endemic area

Answer 17

Fowler 6 Ch 53 – Chronic Wasting Disease of Cervid Species: **Etiology** * CWD is one of 3 transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) that occur in ruminants in North America (scrapie and BSE) * Agent appears to be a prion, although not isolated or fully characterized * Single strain currently recognized, but strain variation has been suggested * Wide natural host range (4 species in 3 genera) and polymorphisms in the prion gene of each provide a mechanism for strains to occur * Origin unknown * Unclear relationship between prion strains for scrapie and CWD, but CWD appears distinct from BSE **Epidemiology** * Infections in mule deer (*Odocoileus* *hemionus*) and WTD (*O.* *virginianus*) are more common than in wapiti (*Cervus elaphus nelsoni*) * Single case reported in a moose (*Alces* *alces*) * Appear to be molecular barriers limiting natural host range * Exact mechanisms of natural exposure are unclear * Shedding in feces and fecal-oral tz appears most plausible * Horizontal tz sustains epidemics * Maternal tz (if it occurs) is of little importance * Environmental contamination with feces or carcasses may harbor infectivity for years * No evidence that it is food-borne pathogen like BSE – affected deer and wapiti have had no contact with rendered products * Genetics influence susceptibility * One or more substitution polymorphisms have been identified at protein-coding region of native prion gene * Deer and wapiti of all recognized prion protein (PrP) genotypes may be infected with CWD, but less common genotypes tend to be underrepresented and onset of clinical dz may be delayed. * Case may occur any time of the year * More common in fall and winter’ * Higher rates in males and older individuals in mule deer * Prevalence in endemic areas may reach 1 – 5% * Higher prevalence may occur in captive setting * Perception of disease spread since 2000 likely more an artifact of increased surveillance **Clinical signs** * Clinical course may vary widely * End-stage CWD = behavioral alterations, loss of body condition (drooling, stumbling, emaciated), excessive drinking and urination terminally * Continue eating but with progressive weight loss. * Earlier non-specific signs: ataxia, head tremor, hyperexcitability, hyperaesthesia, piloerection, intermittent tremors (mainly wapiti), abnormal tongue movements, sialorrhea, odontoprisis, dysphagia, swallowing difficulties, loss of body condition, polydypsia, polyuria * Dilated, spastic, or flaccid esophagus * Signs are most obvious during or after handling or anesthesia, or stressful situations * Early signs are subtle; may only be noted by persons familiar with animal (e.g. animal becomes more tame) * No animals have recovered. Clinical course of weeks to year or more * Clinical disease preceded by long incubation period (estimated at 1-1.5 years) * DDx for neuro: parelaphostrongylosis, bacterial or viral meningitis, trauma, intoxication, and brain abscesses, rabies * DDx for emaciation: malnutrition, starvation, dental attrition, FB obstruction, musculoskeletal problems preventing normal foraging, parasitism, Johne’s, TB, chronic pneumonia, plague * Aspiration pneumonia may result from dysphagia associated with CWD, should screen unusual cases of pneumonia in cervids for CWD

Answer 18

**Diagnosis** * Examination of brain for spongiform lesions; gross necropsy non specific * Parasympathetic vagal nucleus in medulla oblongata at the obex is most important site to examine to dx CWD. Site shows consistent, early involvement after infxn. * Histo – Neuronal degeneration and astrocytosis bilaterally in gray matter. * Affected areas – diencephalon, olfactory cortex, medulla. * Dorsal motor nucleus of vagus – are of CNS affected early in dz. * Amyloid plaques common. * IHC staining of brain or LNs for accumulation of PrP^d * Tonsils or retropharyngeal LN have proved to be reliable sites for dx * ELISAs for BSE are good screening tests, but should confirm with IHC * Live animal testing * IHC tonsillar or rectal lymphoid tissues – lower sensitivity than terminal obex or retropharyngeal LN. * Now ear pinnae. * Blood doesn’t work. * RT QuIC amplification assay in saliva and urine – shown promise? * Feces in elk with some success. * Nasal brush samples in some elk – RT-QuIC. * Strain typing. * Need to ID strain with multiple different outbreaks, but not widely available or possible. Current Diagnosis: * Early detection in lymphoid tissue – GALT, lymph nodes, tonsils * Medial retropharyngeal lymph node and obex of the brain are the most sensitive sites for testing **Treatment and Control** * No effective tx; typically test and cull and then investigate where they came from * Lesions – Spongiform degeneration of dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve. * Obex region of medulla oblongata. * Early detection and aggressive removal of infected individuals * Residual environmental contamination may hinder efforts to eliminate infection * Control in free-ranging cervids is problematic * Attempts to control or eliminated through broad and local population reductions and selective removal of infected animals have been undertaken – too early to assess effectiveness * In captive settings, herd monitoring and dz certification programs are being implemented * No vaccination currently. There is a Salmonella vector expressing cervid prion protein for mucosal immune response that is under investigation, deer still died from CWD. **Prevention** * Measures to reduce further spreading of dz and establishment of new foci * Surveillance programs * Regulations to prevent translocation of live animals and carcass parts * Regulations to prohibit release of animals from captive herds * Double-fence game farms in CWD endemic regions * Discourage new game farms in DWD-endemic regions

Answer 19

* Differential diagnoses (F8): * Sudden death: MCF, clostridial disease, pasteurellosis, yersiniosis, heavy lungworm infestations, liver fluke infection (esp. roe deer), peracute capture myopathy * Loss of conditions: tuberculosis, paratuberculosis, chronic parasitism, malnutrition (Cu deficiency), CWD * Watery D+: acute yersiniois, GI nematodiasis, MCF, enterotoxemia, show-induced hemorrhagic enteritis, copper deficiency (but usually more subtle), BVD * Chronic cases of paratuberculosis can cause intermittent D+, but less characteristic than loss of condition * Neonatal enteritis: E. coli, Salmonella, Coronavirus, Rotavirus, Cryptosporidium parvum, Campylobacter jejuni * Neurologic signs: tetanus, meningoencephalitis (esp. listeriosis), MCF, CWD, cerebrospinal nematodiasis, copper deficiency (enzootic ataxic form), capture myopathy, cerebrocortical necrosis (thiamine deficiency) * Keratoconjunctivitis: Moraxella bovis, Listeria monocytogenes; predisposed by dusty environment, flies, nasal bot larvae

Answer 20

CAPTURE OF FREE-RANGING MULE DEER (ODOCOILEUS HEMIONUS) WITH A COMBINATION OF MEDETOMIDINE, AZAPERONE, AND ALFAXALONE Mathieu A, Caulkett N, Stent PM, Schwantje HM. J Wildl Dis. 2017 Apr;53(2):296-303. Medetomidine, azaperone, and alfaxalone combo caused hypoxemia and hypercapnia in all deer. Supplemental O2 recommended. Urban deer had shorter time to lateral recumbency, longer time to stand, lower rectal temperature vs nonurban deer. Urban deer also had much lower pH and much higher lactate, needed to be manually restrained. Longer induction in mule deer vs WTD using same protocol (2016 paper).

Answer 21

**EVALUATION OF TWO MEDETOMIDINE-AZAPERONE-ALFAXALONE COMBINATIONS IN CAPTIVE ROCKY MOUNTAIN ELK (CERVUS ELAPHUS NELSONI)** Hector RC, Mama KR, Fisher MC, Green SA, Pasloske K, Wolfe LL. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine. 2020 51(4):825-33. Key Points: - Both drug combinations provided effective immobilization for 30 min, with induction and recovery time and quality similar to other medetomidine-based combos in elk. - Acceptable cardiopulmonary parameters as long as O2 was provided. - Both alfaxalone-medetomidine-azaperone dose combos resulted in deep sedation for minor procedures ~30 min. Caused bradycardia, hypertension, hypoxemia. - Alfaxalone protocols safe in elk, provide deep sedation for short period for minor procedures.

Answer 22

**CARDIORESPIRATORY EFFECTS OF DEXMEDETOMIDINE–MIDAZOLAM AND REVERSAL WITH ATIPAMEZOLE IN CAPTIVE BROWN BROCKET DEER (MAZAMA GOUAZOUBIRA)** Luciano Cacciari Baruffaldi Almeida da Silva, André Augusto Justo, Jose Heitzmann Fontenelle, Mario Antonio Ferraro Rego, Silvia Renata Gaido Cortopassi J. of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 51(4):994-998 (2021). Key Points: - Dexmedetomidine-midazolam in brown brocket deer satisfactory for short procedures < 60 min. - Unresponsive to external stimuli first 15 min. - Hypoxemia. - Smooth but prolonged recovery. - Dexmed-midaz produced good anesthesia for short-term <60 min and non-painful procedures in brown brocket deer.

Answer 23

**A RETROSPECTIVE COMPARISON OF CHEMICAL IMMOBILIZATION WITH THIAFENTANIL, THIAFENTANIL-AZAPERONE, OR ETORPHINE-ACEPROMAZINE IN CAPTIVE PERSIAN FALLOW DEER (DAMA DAMA MESOPOTAMICA)** Lapid R, King R, Bdolah-Abram T, Shilo-Benjamini Y. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine. 2017 Sep;48(3):627-35. Key Points: * Thiafentanil – often used in wild ungulates -- Faster induction times -- Shorter half-life -- Lower incidence of renarcotization -- Less respiratory depression * Thiafentanil only resulted in fastest induction and recovery, but worst anesthetic quality. Highest respiratory rate and higher BG vs thiafentanil-azaperone. * Thiafentanil-azaperone resulted in cardiac arrest consistent with exertional myopathy and had the lowest body temps. * Etorphine-acepromazine longest recovery time. * Overall all protocols poor immobilization - muscle rigidity and tremors, respiratory depression, increased lactate.

Answer 24

**A HEADACHE FROM OUR PAST? INTRACRANIAL ABSCESS DISEASE, VIRULENCE FACTORS OF TRUEPERELLA PYOGENES, AND A LEGACY OF TRANSLOCATING WHITE-TAILED DEER (ODOCOILEUS VIRGINIANUS)** Bradley S. Cohen, Emily H. Belser, Shamus P. Keeler, Michael J. Yabsley, and Karl V. Miller Journal of Wildlife Diseases 2018 54:4, 671-679 Key Points: * Truperella pyogenes - intracranial abscessation in WTD. * Most common in adult males. Found in abscesses and on skin of healthy deer. * More virulence factors in areas where abscesses present. * SC abscesses from fighting adult males -> intracranial. * Virulence factors allow for epithelial attachment.

Answer 25

**EFFECTS OF BRUCELLOSIS SEROLOGIC STATUS ON PHYSIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR OF ROCKY MOUNTAIN ELK (CERVUS CANADENSIS NELSONI) IN SOUTHWESTERN MONTANA, USA** Yang A, Gomez JP, Haase CG, Proffitt KM, Blackburn JK. Journal of wildlife diseases. 2019 Apr;55(2):304-15. Key Points: * Rocky mountain elk and bison in the Yellowstone ecosystem are the reservoirs for bovine brucellosis (brucella abortus) and elk are considered the primary source of livestock infections. * 30% drop in pregnancy rate seen in seropositive individuals. * Major effect of brucellosis in elk = decreased pregnancy rate. * Most common signs of brucellosis in cattle and bison = arthritis and synovitis.

Answer 26

DETECTION OF BARTONELLA SP. IN DEER LOUSE FLIES (LIPOPTENA MAZAMAE) ON GRAY BROCKET DEER (MAZAMA GOUAZOUBIRA) IN THE NEOTROPICS Souza U, Dall'Agnol B, Michel T, Webster A, Klafke G, Martins JR, Kasper CB, Trigo TC, Ott R, Maria de Assis Jardim M, Reck J. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine. 2017 Jun;48(2):532-5. Louse fly aka deer ked aka Lipoptena spp are a vector for Bartonella. Lipoptena mazamae was the only spp of ked found, found on 100% of gray brocket deer and 100% positive for bartonella. JWD 2020 - Bartonella positive keds were found on some negative deer, keds not 'proven competent vectors of Bartonella'.

Answer 27

**MOLECULAR DETECTION OF BABESIA ODOCOILEI IN WILD, FARMED, AND ZOO CERVIDS IN ONTARIO, CANADA** Milnes EL, Thornton GL, Delnatte P, Léveillé AN, Barta JR, Smith DA, Nemeth NM. Journal of wildlife diseases. 2019 Apr 1. Key Points: * Babesia odocoilei - tick-borne protozoan hemoparasite of WTD. * Tick vector Ixodes scapularis. * B. odocoilei detected in farmed red deer, captive wapiti, and wild WTD. None clinical. * Red deer and wapiti could serve as reservoirs in addition to WTD. * Fatal hemolytic anemia occurred in wapiti, Eurasian tundra reindeer, and woodland caribou. * Killed 5 wapiti and 3 reindeer at Toronto zoo.

Answer 28

**MENINGEAL WORM (PARELAPHOSTRONGYLUS TENUIS) AS A CAUSE OF MORTALITY IN THE RESTORED ELK (CERVUS CANADENSIS) POPULATION IN MISSOURI, USA** Chitwood MC, Keller BJ, Al-Warid HS, Straka K, Hildreth AM, Hansen L, Millspaugh JJ. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 2018 Jan;54(1):95-100. Key Points: * Parelaphostrongylus tenuis - meningeal worm. Most common disease in reintroduced elk. * Also affects moose. * WTD primary host, rarely have clinical signs. * In this survey, 42% meningeal worm-related mortalities were adults, mostly females. * LC - Adult in meninges produce eggs, venous circulation to lungs, eggs lodge in capillaries, L1 enter airways, migrate up trachea, swallowed and passed in feces. Snails and slugs IM host, develop into L3, deer ingest gastropod. Larvae penetrate the abomasum and migrate along nerves to the spine, the to the brain.

Answer 29

**PREVALENCE OF PARELAPHOSTRONGYLUS ANDERSONI IN WHITE-TAILED DEER, OTHER CERVIDS, AND BOVIDS IN NORTHERN FLORIDA** O'Leary TJ, Sayler KA, Wisely SM, Slapcinsky J, Allgood H, Wellehan JF, Archer L, Walden HS. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine. 2019 Sep;50(3):723-6. Key Points: * Parelaphostrongylus andersoni muscleworm - infects WTD and caribou. * CS - Weakness in hind, abnormal gait, pulmonary lesions. * Higher prevalence in WTD than P. tenuis (meningeal worm), only in FL. * P. andersoni found in WTD and opossum fecal samples. NOT found in snails, other cervids/bovids nearby.

Answer 30

Pathology in practice (Moose Pages 269-272) Arno Wünschmann, Dr med vet; Anibal G. Armién, Dr med vet; and Michelle Carstensen JAVMA | FEB 1, 2021 | VOL 258 | NO. 3 Moose with neuro dz can get CWD, P. tenuis, echinoccocus. Echinococcus granulosus canadiensis - Moose intermediate host, die from CNS complication or rupture of cyst contents leading to fatal anaphylaxis. Large carnivores dead end hosts.

Answer 31

**POSTMORTEM DETECTION OF BLUETONGUE AND EPIZOOTIC HEMORRHAGIC DISEASE VIRUSES IN THE BONE MARROW OF WHITE-TAILED DEER (ODOCOILEUS VIRGINIANUS)** Michael E. Becker, Sean Healy, Will Forbes, Jonathan Roberts, James LaCour, Lane D. Foil J. of Wildlife Diseases, 56(1):58-65 (2020) Key Points: * qRT-PCR - BTV detected in bone marrow for up to 16 wks. Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus detected up to 12 wks. * VI of BTV and EHDV from fresh bone marrow could be detected up to 24h, but not after that. * Bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus are orbiviruses that cause hemorrhagic disease. * Vector - Culicoides biting midge. * Hemorrhagic dz most common in late summer, early fall when vectors most prevalent. * Cattle are reservoirs, high mortality in WTD. * Orbiviruses cause high fever and dehydration, deer will seek water. Increased deer mortality in August-Sept, near water is suggestive of EHDV or bluetongue virus.

Answer 32

VIRUS ISOLATION AND MOLECULAR DETECTION OF BLUETONGUE AND EPIZOOTIC HEMORRHAGIC DISEASE VIRUSES FROM NATURALLY INFECTED WHITE-TAILED DEER (ODOCOILEUS VIRGINIANUS) Clara Kienzle, Rebecca L. Poulson, Mark G. Ruder, and David E. Stallknecht Journal of Wildlife Diseases 2017 53:4, 843-849 real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR) BTV and EHDV assay detected all virus isolation positive samples. Commercial rRT-PCR BTV assay failed. Freeze-thaw did not impact ability to later get positive results. PCR is reliable for detection of BTV and EHDV except for the commercially available BTV PCR assay.

Answer 33

**EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION OF WHITE-TAILED DEER (ODOCOILEUS VIRGINIANUS) WITH BLUETONGUE VIRUS SEROTYPE 3** Clarke LL, Ruder MG, Kienzle-Dean C, Carter D, Stallknecht D, Howerth EW. Experimental infection of white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) with bluetongue virus serotype 3. Journal of wildlife diseases. 2019 Jul;55(3):627-36. Key Points: * All inoculated fawns developed viremias. * Sham-inoculated fawn control also became viremic, probably via contact with the other infected fawns. * Mild clinical sign. * NO fawns were febrile. * NO clin path changes or Ab. * Hemorrhage at the base of the pulmonary artery is pathognomonic for orbivirus infection in WTD by some. * CS in this study - Periorbital edema, hyperemia, hyperemic pinnae and oral mucosa. Rough hair coat, warm coronary band, death. NO fever. * Necropsy at day 5 or later found periorbital edema, conjunctival edema and congestion, edematous cervical LN. * Viremia peaked at day 5. * Mild clinical signs may have been due to the young age, maternal antibody interference, or lower virulence strain

Answer 34

**CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE MODELING: AN OVERVIEW** Steven N. Winter ; Luis E. Escobar J Wildl Dis (2020) 56 (4): 741–758.T Key Points: * Studies focused primarily on regression and compartment-based models, population-level approaches, and host spp of game management concern. * CWD is the only prion dz affecting wildlife. * Hosts do not have immune responses to prion infection. * ELISA initial screen followed by IHC confirmation = gold standards for diagnosis. * Models have found an association between deer demographics and CWD infection - Increased prevalence in older males > older females > yearling males.

Answer 35

**EVALUATION OF A TEST AND CULL STRATEGY FOR REDUCING PREVALENCE OF CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE IN MULE DEER (ODOCOILEUS HEMIONUS)** Wolfe LL, Watry MK, Sirochman M, Sirochman TM, Miller MW J Wildl Dis. 2018 Jul;54(3):511-519. Key Points: * Tested about 70% of a population annually for 5 years - culled based on tonsil biopsies. * CWD prevalence in males was lower for 3 yrs following implementation of culling. No change in females. * Males had higher prevalence of dz in Autumn, females higher prevalence in the spring. * The cull method was not very effective, had high labor costs and equipment costs. * Preferential culling of CWD mule deer confirmed positive via tonsil IHC did not provide an overall decrease in CWD prevalence.

Answer 36

**MOOSE (ALCES ALCES) MORTALITY ASSOCIATED WITH CAPRINE HERPESVIRUS 2 (CPHV-2) IN A ZOOLOGICAL COLLECTION** Kathryn E. Seeley, Randall E. Junge, Ryan N. Jennings, Cristina W. Cunha, Hong Li J. of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 49(3):774-778 (2018) Malignant catarrhal fever – group of herpesviruses of genus Macavirus (gammaherpes). * Domestic and wild artiodactyls worldwide – cattle, bison, deer, moose, exotic ruminants, pigs. * Pathogenic viruses: -- Ovine herpesvirus 2 – OvHV2. -- Alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 – AlHV1. -- Alcelaphine herpesvirus 2 – AlHV2. -- Caprine herpesvirus 2 – CpHV2. -- Caprine herpesvirus 3 – CpHV3 (WTD). Aka MCFV-WTD and ibex-MCFV. MCF frequently fatal in susceptible species. - Dz – lymphoproliferation and inflammation predominantly in mucosal surfaces and blood vessels. - Hallmark is lymphoproliferative inflammatory infiltrates with vasculitis invoking medium-caliber arteries and veins. Case Study * Caprine herpes 2 - endemic in goats -> dz in WTD, moose. * Sudden death in a moose with intermittent diarrhea, nx showed lymphocytic vasculitis in brain and panuveitis. * CpHV2 found in moose tissues and petting zoo goats via PCR.

Answer 37

**FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE IN EXPERIMENTALLY INFECTED MULE DEER (ODOCOILEUS HEMIONUS)** Rhyan J, McCollum M, Gidlewski T, Shalev M, Ward G, Donahue B, Arzt J, Stenfeldt C, Mohamed F, Nol P, Deng M. Journal of wildlife diseases. 2020 Jan;56(1):93-104. Key Points: * The only known outbreak of FMD in the US was in mule deer. * Following exposure, all deer and cattle developed disease (via inoculation or contact with others). * CS - Fever, vesicles mouth and feet and inoculation sites. * Blanching of coronary bands first sign on feet prior to vesicle formation. * Myocarditis was more likely in mule deer, also necrotizing pancreatitis. * Mule deer higher mortality and more severe clinical signs vs cattle. * Most extensive oral vesicles on torus lingua - ball of the tongue.

Answer 38

A RETROSPECTIVE SUMMARY OF CERVID MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY IN ONTARIO AND NUNAVUT REGIONS OF CANADA (1991–2017) Allen SE, Vogt NA, Stevens B, Ruder MG, Jardine CM, Nemeth NM. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 2020 Oct;56(4):884-95. WTD, elk, moose, and and caribou. Most common cause of mortality trauma. Followed by emaciation, bacterial infection. Most common neoplasia cutaneous fibroma. Trueperella pyogenes intracranial abscesses in WTD, digital infection in caribou. T. pyogenes and staphylococcus aureus in digital infections in caribou. Most common parasite elk and moose - Parelaphostrongylus tenuis. Primary host WTD.

Answer 39

**EFFICACY OF WHITE-TAILED DEER (ODOCOILEUS VIRGINIANUS) TREATMENT FOR CATTLE FEVER TICKS IN SOUTHERN TEXAS, USA** Currie CR, Hewitt DG, Ortega-S JA, Schuster GL, Campbell TA, Lohmeyer KH, Wester DB, de León AP. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 2020 Feb 17. Key Points: * Ivermectin more effective in tx cattle fever ticks vs permethrin. * Cattle fever - bovine babesiosis. * Tick vectors - Rhipicephalus microplus and Rhipicephalus annulatus. * WTD NOT affected by babesia. * Fewer ticks found when ivermectin levels were higher. * Ticks number not affected by topical permethrin. * Males more likely to visit ivermectin bait stations. Fawns least likely to visit stations.

Answer 40

**ORAL HALOPERIDOL PREMEDICATION TO REDUCE CAPTURE STRESS PRIOR TO XYLAZINE-KETAMINE ANESTHESIA IN CAPTIVE SPOTTED DEER (AXIS AXIS)** Johns J, Caulkett N, Chandy G, Alexander J, Venugopal SK, Surendran S, Sreedharannair A. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine. 2020 Mar;51(1):88-95. * Spotted deer given PO haloperidol prior to anesthesia had lower rectal temp, lower HR, lower cortisol and lactate. * Both groups hypercapnic. * Two haloperidol deer resedated after anesthesia. * Significantly better induction quality with haloperidol premed.

Answer 41

**PARTIAL PROTECTION IN BALB/C HOUSE MICE (MUS MUSCULUS) AND ROCKY MOUNTAIN ELK (CERVUS CANADENSIS) AFTER VACCINATION WITH A KILLED, MUCOSALLY DELIVERED BRUCELLA ABORTUS VACCINE** Rhyan J, Nol P, Wehtje M, Bosco-Lauth A, Marlenee N, McCollum M, Bruce S, Hartwig A, Stelting S, Robbe-Austerman S, Bowen R. Journal of wildlife diseases. 2019 Oct;55(4):794-803. Key Points: * Wildlife reservoirs of B. abortus = Bison and elk around yellowstone. Elk thought to be maintenance hosts for nearby livestock infections. * New killed vaccine RB51 provides Ab in elk. Partial protection. * Consumed vaccine well when mixed with montmorillonite and hay. * Reocmmend vx in winter as time of exposure usually late winter and spring.

Answer 42

Wanzala, S. I., Palmer, M. V., Waters, W. R., Thacker, T. C., Carstensen, M., Travis, D. A., & Sreevatsan, S. (2017). Evaluation of pathogen-specific biomarkers for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). American journal of veterinary research, 78(6), 729-734. WTD only proven reservoir for mycobacterium bovis (MTB) other than cattle to cattle. May persist at low levels/subclinical dz. Most reliable pathogen ELISA biomarkers pks5 and MB2512c. Optimal indicator of infection used in combo.

Answer 43

Hennessey, M. J., Hsi, D. J., Davis, J. S., Delgado, A. H., Allen, H. A., Jandegian, C. M., ... & Bonilla, D. L. (2019). **Use of a multiagency approach to eradicate New World screwworm flies from Big Pine Key, Florida, following an outbreak of screwworm infestation (September 2016–March 2017).** Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 255(8), 908-914. New World Screwworm Flies - Cochliomyia hominovorax. Reportable dz. Autochthonous (native, not brought in) case confirmed in key deer in 2016. Tx - Sterile insect technique (release sterile males to suppress repro since females only mate once). Avermectin administered PO or topically to key deer.

Answer 44

Wolf, T. M., Chenaux-Ibrahim, Y. M., Isaac, E. J., Wünschmann, A., & Moore, S. A. (2021). Neonate health and calf mortality in a declining population of north american moose (Alces alces americanus). Journal of wildlife diseases, 57(1), 40-50. Predation most common cause of mortality - Black bears > wolf > other predators. Also stillbirth, orphaning, generalized bacterial infection, and hunter harvest. Hepatic copper was higher in neonates vs 6mo calves. Most had adequate IgG for passive transfer. Zinc sulfate trended lower than RID and GGT was lower vs other nondomestic ungulate calves.

Answer 45

Elliott, J. A., Dickson, C. C., Kantar, L., O'Neal, M. R., Lichtenwalner, A., Bryant, A., ... & Kamath, P. L. (2021). Prevalence and Risk Factors of Anaplasma Infections in Eastern Moose (Alces alces americana) and Winter Ticks (Dermacentor albipictus) in Maine, USA. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 57(4), 844-855. Winter tick = Dermacentor albipictus. Primary ectoparasite of moose, primary cause of moose calf mortality in NE US. Winter tick NOT a likely vector for anaplasma based on recent study. Anaplasma phagocytophilum - Obligate intracellular rickettsial spp, infects host blood cells. PCR - Males, western site most prevalent.

Answer 46

Calvente, E., Chinnici, N., Brown, J., Banfield, J. E., Brooks, J. W., & Yabsley, M. J. (2020). **Winter tick (Dermacentor albipictus)–associated dermatitis in a wild elk (Cervus canadensis) in Pennsylvania, USA**. Journal of wildlife diseases, 56(1), 247-250. Key Points: * Adult winter ticks most prevalent mid-Jan-April. * One-host tick, remains on same host for months feeding and molting then lays eggs in environment. * Severe tick infestation resulted in severe anemia and mortality in wild elk. Previously reported in moose. * Hyperkeratosis, crusting, can be fatal.

Answer 47

Ferguson, S. H., & Lee, J. K. (2020). **First report of adenoviral hemorrhagic disease in three mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) in Arizona**. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 51(1), 232-235. Key Points: * Deer adenovirus (Odocoileus adenovirus 1) - Hemorrhagic disease. Ddx orbivirus infections (bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic dz). * Tropism for vascular endothelium resulting in a fatal combination of severe pulmonary edema and hemorrhagic enteritis. * Deer primary host, mule deer highly susceptible. * High mortality rate. Two forms - systemic vasculitis and localized necrosis/ulceration of the GIT. * Culicoides is a vector for EHDV and BTV, NOT for adenovirus.

Answer 48

Costa, G., Musicò, M., Spadola, F., Oliveri, M., Leonardi, F., & Interlandi, C. (2021). Comparison of tiletamine-zolazepam combined with dexmedetomidine or xylazine for chemical immobilization of wild fallow deer (Dama dama). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 52(3), 1009-1012. Telazol dexmed showed significantly shorter induction and higher quality of immobilization score, lower lactate. Lactate higher with telazol + xylazine. Dexmed protocol is more expensive and higher volume vs xylazine.

Answer 49

Rivas, A. E., Valitutto, M., Lay, J. M., & Paré, J. A. (2021). **Evaluation of passive transfer in nine species of cervidae**. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 52(2), 838-842. Key Points: * Ruminants epitheliochorial placenta. IgG from colostrum needed. * PCV, TS, BG, GGT, glutaraldehyde tested in nine cervid spp vs FPT. * Only PCV found NOT associated with passive transfer status. * TS, BG, GGT all associated with passive transfer status. * FPT most often associated with negative glutaraldehyde test. Glutaraldehyde test relies on gamma globulins forming cross-links with aldehyde groups (clot visible if positive). * False negative glutaraldehyde tests most common in tufted deer, Pere David's deer, and sambar deer. * Pere David's deer and sika deer lower median GGT in positive passive transfer fawns vs other spp.

Answer 50

Uribasterra, M. G., Orange, J. P., Dinh, E. T., Peters, C., Peters, R. M., Goodfriend, O., ... & Blackburn, J. K. (2020). **Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus and bluetongue virus seroprevalence in wild white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Florida, USA**. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 56(4), 928-932. Key Points: * EHDV exposure high in wild WTD of NW FL. Also higher in ranched WTD vs adjacent wild population in another study (JZWM 2021). * EHDV2 serotype dominant, risk of Ab detection increased as animal aged for EHDV1 and 2. Probability of infection by EHDV1 and 6 increases with age. * Small proportion of samples also tested positive for bluetongue. Overall lower risk. * EHDV and BTV are viral threats to WTD populations. * Cause diseases commonly referred to as hemorrhagic disease (HD). * Can cause death or manifest chronically, leading to hoof deformation, appetite loss, oral lesions, lameness that can affect herd health.

Answer 51

McCann, R. S., Cole, G. A., LaDouceur, E. E., McAloose, D., Sykes 4th, J. M., Dennison-Gibby, S., & D'Agostino, J. (2021). **Mycotic pneumonia and encephalitis in southern pudu (pudu puda)**. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 52(1), 379-388. Key Points: - Mucormycosis from either Mucor spp or Aspergillus fumigatus resulted in mycotic pneumonia and meningoencephalitis in neonatal southern pudu. - Meningoencephalitis in an adult caused by phaeohyphomycosis by Curvularia spicifera.

Answer 52

**Antibodies to Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus (EHDV) in Farmed and Wild Florida White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus)** JWD 2020 56(1) 208 – 213 Key Points: * epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) double-stranded RNA virus in Orbiviridae genus primary vector - biting midges (Culicoides spp., Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) * transmitted from late summer to fall * 3 serotypes endemic to US - EHDV-1, -2, and -6 * 2017 - 3% penned deer, 0% deer from preserve, 5% wild deer positive for EHDV nucleic acids in blood samples * Despite aggressive chemical vector control on the farm, we found higher seroprevalence and titers against the predominant EHDV serotype in farmed deer (in pens and the preserve) than in wild deer. * The higher exposure to EHDV of farmed vs. wild deer may have been because of the higher densities of farmed vs. wild deer, the presence of exotic amplifying hosts such as elk (Cervus canadensis) in the preserve, or genetic factors that predisposed farmed deer to disease

Answer 53

Reissig, E. C., Massone, A. R., Iovanitti, B., Gimeno, E. J., & Uzal, F. A. (2018). **A survey of parasite lesions in wild red deer (Cervus elaphus) from Argentina**. Journal of wildlife diseases, 54(4), 782-789. Key Points: - Fasciola – cholangiohepatitis – larvae cause granulomatous hepatitis, adults cause biliary hyperplasia & cholangitis - Distyocaulus – congestion & hemorrhage with hyperplasia of BALT - Sarcocystis – lymphoplasmacytic myocarditis (90%)

Answer 54

Crum, J. A., Mead, D. G., Jackwood, M. W., Phillips, J. E., & Stallknecht, D. E. (2019). **Genetic relatedness of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 2 from 2012 outbreak in the USA**. Journal of wildlife diseases, 55(2), 363-374. Key Points: * EHDV & BTV – Reoviridae – Orbiviruses- both cause hemorrhagic disease – transmitted by culicoides midges * Several different EEHV serotypes – 1&2 distributed across US, 6 * Hemorrhagic disease is seasonal – disease is typically summer and fall * Theories about overwintering – either one strain overwinters in areas where it is warm, otherwise multiple strains survive in small amounts and outbreaks consist of multiple strains Take home: Multiple strains appear to contribute to EHDV outbreaks

Answer 55

**Hunting pressure modulates prion infection risk in mule deer herds**. Miller, M.W., Runge, J.P., Holland, A.A. and Eckert, M.D. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 2020;56(4):781-790. Key Points: Our findings suggest that harvesting mule deer with sufficient hunting pressure might control chronic wasting disease—especially when prevalence is low—but that harvest prescriptions promoting an abundance of mature male deer contribute to the exponential growth of epidemics.

Answer 56

Pizzutto, C. S., Corrêa, S. H., Teixeira, R. H., Rosenfield, D. A., Jorge Neto, P. N., Berbare, P., ... & Oliveira, C. A. (2019). **Seasonal variations in serum concentrations of testosterone, testicular volume and neck circumference of fallow deer (Dama dama) kept ex situ in a tropical region.** Zoo biology, 38(4), 355-359. Key Points: * Fallow deer originate from Mediterranean and is commonly kept in tropical areas * Seasonal polygamic species with sexual dimorphism * Breeding and mating seasonality conincides with the decrease in photoperiod during autumn and winter months * Birth of fawns is related to environmental conditions (longer days, mild temps, supply of food) * Little is known about the reproductive physiology of tropical deer Take home: Even in tropical locations, there is strong seasonality to Fallow Deer male reproductive patterns.

Answer 57

Orange, J. P., Dinh, E. T., Goodfriend, O., Citino, S. B., Wisely, S. M., & Blackburn, J. K. (2021). **Evidence of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus and bluetongue virus exposure in nonnative ruminant species in northern Florida**. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 51(4), 745-751. Key Points: - Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) and bluetongue virus (BTV. -- Both vectored by the Culicoides biting midges. -- Vaccines available for some serotypes but efficacy generally low, specific to only certain serotypes, vaccination of wild herds not really possible. -- Severe clinical signs – Hemorrhage, edema, hoof-sloughing, oral lesions, death in WTD. - Ab to EHDV in 60% spp tested. First published of EHDV serotypes 1, 2, 6 some spp. - Conservation property EHDV titers 57% in Bovidae and 100% of Cervidae but only one animal… Takeaway: Nonindigenous animals provide ranch owners with novel hunting and viewing experienced but may be EHDV hosts and constitute health risks to ranched WTD.

Answer 58

Wolfe, L. L., Conner, M. M., & Miller, M. W. (2020). **Effect of oral copper supplementation on susceptibility in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) to chronic wasting disease**. Journal of wildlife diseases, 56(3), 568-575. Key Points: - Dietary Cu supplementation as a potential tool to prevent CWD – supplementation to hamsters increased PrPc accumulation in the cerebellum and hamsters that were scrapie infected showed delayed onset of clinical disease Take-home: Oral Cu supplementation increased liver Cu concentrations compared to controls but did not affect susceptibility to CWD or survival after exposure in white-tailed deer

Answer 59

Izenour, K., Zikeli, S., Kalalah, A., Ditchkoff, S. S., Starkey, L. A., Wang, C., & Zohdy, S. (2020). **Diverse Bartonella spp. detected in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and associated keds (Lipoptena mazamae) in the southeastern USA**. Journal of wildlife diseases, 56(3), 505-511. Key Points: - G negative bacteria, zoonotic, hematophagous arthropod vectors (fleas, lice, ticks) - Infect red blood cells, macrophages, endothelium → persistent hematologic infection Take home: Bartonella zoonotic, 3 species known to be zoonotic identified in white-tailed deer and ked ectoparasites in SE USA, keds not proven competent vectors of Bartonella

Answer 60

Kauffman et al. **Detection of Deer Atadenovirus A DNA in Dam and Offspring Pairs of Rocky Mountain Mule Deer (Odocoileus hemionus hemionus) and Rocky Mountain Elk (Cervus canadensis nelsoni)**. JWD 2021 Ket Points: - Adenovirus hemorrhagic disease is caused by Deer atadenovirus A (OdAdV-1) – DNA virus, hemorrhagic disease indistinguishable from bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic disease -- primarily juvenile mule deer, white-tailed deer, Rocky mountain elk, and moose -- Direct contact transmission, unknown how virus is maintained in environment outside outbreaks - Found ODAdV-1 positive healthy mule deer and elk dams and offspring - No clear pattern of direct evidence of transmission from dam to offspring - Shedding was detected in asymptomatic animals which could be a source of infection to neonates

Answer 61

Bangoura, B., Brinegar, B., & Creekmore, T. E. (2021). **Dictyocaulus cervi-like lungworm infection in a rocky mountain elk (cervus canadensis nelsoni) from wyoming, usa**. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 57(1), 71-81. Key Points: - Lungworms in ruminants: small protostrongylids, large Dictyocaulus spp. -- Cause significant lung lesions and dz in ruminant hosts. -- Bovine: D. viviparous – Common in domestic and wild ruminants. -- Cross-transmission between cervids and domestic ruminants not described. -- Cervid: D. viviparus (considered the only species in wild ruminants in the US), D. eckerti (EU), cervi, capreolus, noerneri -- Prevalence in WY and MT elk: 0-19% Takeaways: D. cervi elk lungworm identified, indicating a novel species in free-ranging elk in Wyoming. Possibly introduced to NA wildlife by import of captive cervids from Europe.

Answer 62

Costa, G., Musicò, M., Spadola, F., Oliveri, M., Leonardi, F., & Interlandi, C. (2021). **COMPARISON OF TILETAMINE-ZOLAZEPAM COMBINED WITH DEXMEDETOMIDINE OR XYLAZINE FOR CHEMICAL IMMOBILIZATION OF WILD FALLOW DEER (DAMA DAMA)**. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 52(3), 1009-1012. Key Points: - Compared with medetomidine and xylazine, dexmed has greater selectivity for alpha 2 adrenoreceptors. -- Many side effects such as resp depression, bradycardia, hypertension followed by hypotension, arrythmogenic effects, decrease of ruminal activity and intestinal motility, and increase of intrauterine pressure may be significantly reduced. - Tiletamine zolazepam dexmedetomidine (TZD) vs tiletamine zolazepam xylazine (TZX). - Combos of telazol + alpha 2 agonists are effective for wild ruminants, provides dissociative, muscle relaxant, and analgesic effects. - TZD group showed shorter induction time and better quality of immobilization compared with TZX. Lactate higher in TZX group vs TZD group. - Dexmedetomidine protocol more expensive vs xylazine. Also higher volumes of dexmedetomidine are needed (less ideal for darting). Takeaway: Dexmedetomidine can be used instead of xylazine in combo with telazol for immobilization of fallow deer. Dexmed had a faster induction time and overall better quality of immobilization with lower lactate vs the xylazine combo.

Answer 63

Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 57(3), 2021, pp. 569–578 **EVALUATING THE THRESHOLD DENSITY HYPOTHESIS FOR MOOSE (ALCES ALCES), WHITE-TAILED DEER (ODOCOILEUS VIRGINIANUS), AND PARELAPHOSTRONGYLUS TENUIS** Amanda M. McGraw, Ron A. Moen, Louis Cornicelli, Michelle Carstensen, and Ve ́roniqueSt-Louis Key Points: - Parelaphostrongylus is carried asymptomatically by WTD -- Negatively affects Moose, Elk, Mule Deer, and Woodland caribou populations -- Neurologic symptoms – lack of fear, remaining in one area for extended periods, circling, partial paralysis, head tilt, nystagmus -- WTD populations can have >50% infection rates - Previous studies have suggested that as WTD deer populations increase, moose populations decrease – supposedly due to P. tenuis Take Home: WTD density alone does not explain Moose population declines due to P. tenuis

Answer 64

**Prevalence and Risk Factors of Anaplasma Infections in Eastern Moose (Alces alces americana) and Winter Ticks (Dermacentor albipictus) in Maine, USA**. Elliott JA, Dickson CC, Kantar L, O'Neal MR, Lichtenwalner A, Bryant A, Jakubas WJ, Pekins PJ, De Urioste-Stone SM, Kamath PL. JWD 2021;57(4):844-855. Key Points: - Anaplasma spp. - obligate intracellular rickettsial species that infect host blood cells -- A. phagocytophilum - human granulocytic anaplasmosis, Ixodes scapularis tick vector, fever, headache myalgia, malaise, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, mild hepatic injury -- Wildlife hosts: white-footed mouse, raccoon, gray squirrel, white-tailed deer, Eurasian moose (up to 82% prevalence) -- Replicate within ticks or mechanical transmission (biting flies, fomites) -- Transplacental reported in livestock -- A. marginale - bovine anaplasmosis, anemia, weight loss, death, or life-long chronic infx - Winter tick (Dermacentor albipictus): primary ectoparasite of moose, primary cause of moose calf mortality in NE US -- Competent vectors of A. marginale experimentally but one-host, 1 year life cycle thought to limit vector transmission Conclusions - Majority of moose in Maine are infected with an uncharacterized strain of Anaplasma, highly divergent from strains identified in their ectoparasites (winter and black-legged ticks) - Winter ticks are an unlikely vector for Anaplasma in Eastern moose - No evidence that moose are hosts of A. phagocytophilum in Maine (in contrast to European moose populations)

Answer 65

Journal of Wildlife Diseases 56(4): 884-895, 2020 **RETROSPECTIVE SUMMARY OF CERVID MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY IN ONTARIO AND NUNAVUT REGIONS OF CANDA (1991-2017)** Samantha E. Allen, Nadine A. Vogt, Brian Stevens, Mark G. Ruder, Claire M. Jardine, and Nicole M. Nemeth Key Points: - Non-infectious disease was most common general cause of morbidity and mortality -- Trauma most common -- Vehicle collision, then illegal shooting -- No association with age of individual -- Elk were most commonly diagnosed with trauma-related mortality and this occurred most commonly in the winter -- Emaciation second most common -- Higher odds in females and immature animals -- 12/18 neoplasia cases were diagnosed in WTD most commonly diagnosed was cutaneous fibroma (9/12 cases) -- Moose were the only other species diagnosed with neoplasia in the study - Infectious causes were more likely in males, adult animals, and the fall season -- Bacterial causes second most common cause of mortality overall and most common infectious cause in all species but moose (parasitic, esp. meningeal worm, most common infectious cause) -- Intracranial bacterial abscesses (esp. Truperella pyogenes) most common in WTD -- Digital limb bacterial infection (i.e. foot rot) was most common bacterial infection in caribou -- No cases of CWD identified

Answer 66

Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 57(1), 2021, pp. 82–93 **SPATIAL VARIATION OF WHITE-TAILED DEER (ODOCOILEUS VIRGINIANUS) POPULATION IMPACTS AND RECOVERY FROM EPIZOOTIC HEMORRHAGIC DISEASE** Sonja A. Christensen,1,3 David M. Williams,1 Brent A. Rudolph,2 and William F. Porter Key Points: - Epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD), the disease caused by EHDV, is considered endemic in the southeastern US, where infection rates are high, but M&M are low -- The vector for EHD, an adult biting midge in the genus Culicoides, transmits EHDV in the late summer and is tied closely to climate conditions and available semiaquatic habitats for life-cycle completion -- Thus, the effect of EHD on deer populations tends to be localized and is associated with sources of water where Culicoides individuals are found - Although historically a significant disease for white-tailed deer in the southeastern and Great Plains regions of the US, EHD has more recently emerged at more northern latitudes, generating considerable uncertainty regarding the population impacts of the disease on deer - The emergence of this disease is complex and may result in short-term declines in white-tailed deer populations across much of the northern latitudes of the US where deer are currently naïve to EHDV -- If EHD outbreaks continue to occur, but at a frequency not conducive for the development of herd immunity at landscape scales, significant mortality events will continue - This is the first study to provide empirical evidence that EHD has fine-scale population impacts on white-tailed deer, and those impacts reflect the virus pressure associated with Culicoides habitat

Answer 67

Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 57(1), 2021, pp. 116–124 **HERBIVORES AS ACCIDENTAL HOSTS FOR TRICHINELLA: SEARCH FOR EVIDENCE OF TRICHINELLA INFECTION AND EXPOSURE IN FREE-RANGING MOOSE (ALCES ALCES) IN A HIGHLY ENDEMIC SETTING** Age K ̈arssin, Noora Remes, Kaidi Korge, Mare Viigipuu, Christen Rune Stensvold, Maria Angeles G ́omez-Morales, Alessandra Ludovisi, Pikka Jokelainen, and Brian Lassen Key Points: - Trichinella spiralis is the 4th most important food-borne parasite in Europe (other Trichinella sp are 6th) - Carnivorous and omnivorous animals are the main hosts – pork & wild boar meat are considered the main sources of human Trichinella cases -- Consumption of cattle, sheep, and moose has been suggested as additional sources of exposure -- The horse and the beaver are the only herbivorous species that have been confirmed as additional sources of human infection - Natural infections have been reported in cattle, rabbit, hares, reindeer, European roe deer, and sika deer Take Home Message: Herbivorous wild animals like moose may play a role in Trichinella transmission, but this study in Estonian moose did not confirm this.

Answer 68

Journal of Wildlife Diseases 57(2): 321-326, 2021 **SEROPREVALENCE OF ANTIBODIES AGAINST MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM SUBSP. PARATUBERCULOSIS AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO AGE AND SEX OF TEXAS WHITE-TAILED DEER (ODOCOILEUS VIRGINIANUS) IN COAHUILA, MEXICO** E. Alejandro Lozano-Cavazos, J. Vicente Velázquez-Morales, Marco A. Santillán-Flores, Luis A. Tarango-Arámbula, Genaro Olmos-Oropeza, J. Felipe Martínez-Montoya, and César Cortez-Romero Key Points: - Total seroprevalence of the white-tailed deer population in the WMCU was 16%, and PTB seroprevalence was independent of sex or age of the sampled individuals of this population.

Answer 69

**BUTORPHANOL, AZAPERONE, AND MEDETOMIDINE ANESTHESIA IN FREE-RANGING EASTERN MOOSE (ALCES AMERICANUS)** Lamglait et al., JZWM 52(2) 2021 Key Points: - Induction times with BAM were intermediate when compared to potent opioids and ketamine combos - Induction was smooth and reliable and similar duration to what’s reported in other species - Safe/predictable immobilization for 30-60min - IM reversals were longer compared to opioid combos, but similar to other reports in cervids - Physiologic parameters expect SpO2 remained in expected ranges for wild cervids/bovids - SpO2 values suggestive of moderate hypoxemia, similar findings in other cervids, and rec O2 supplementation - Considerable weight of the moose and snow depth reduced their capacity to position optimally-may have resulted in hypoventilation or ventilation/perfusion mismatch - May also have been due to peripheral vasoconstriction due to alpha-2 agonist and ambient temperature - 3-4 mL of premix BAM-II allows safe and reliable immobilization – keep in mind however there is still exposure risk to personnel

Answer 70

J. of Wildlife Diseases, 57(1):194-198, 2021 **Chronic Wasting Disease Diagnostic Discrepancies: The Importance of Testing Both Medial Retropharyngeal Lymph Nodes** Jennifer Bloodgood, Matti Kiupel, Julie Melotti, Kelly Straka. Key Points: - CWD - transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, misfolded prion protein PrP(CWD) - Cervids - white tailed deer, mule deer, elk, moose, reindeer - Neuro signs due to accumulation of PrP in CNS → wt loss, listlessness, ataxia, PU/PD, bruxism, hypersalivation - Gold standard test - in white tailed deer - IHC of medial retropharyngeal LN (can use ELISA to screen while waiting on IHC) - If ELISA is not positive, report result as ‘not detected’ - If ELISA pos but IHC neg - animal is negative Take home: Take biopsies from BOTH medial retropharyngeal LN; IHC remains gold standard.

Answer 71

JWD 2022 58(3):473-486 **A Scoping Review Of The Rangifer tarandus Infectious Disease Literature: Gap Between Information And Application** Rakic F, Pruvot M, Whiteside DP, Kutz S Key Points: - Helminths were the most studied pathogens in Rangifer, accounting for 36% of research articles -- The number of helminth research papers increased over time -- Sole pathogen group with published research in all Rangifer subspecies -- Strongylate nematodes were the most studied helminth type - Other relatively well-researched pathogens of Rangifer include Elaphostrongylus rangiferi, Besnoitia tarandii, Brucella suis biovar 4, and keratoconjunctivitis syndrome - Prions were the most data-deficient pathogen type

Answer 72

Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 58(3): 487-499 **SURVEILLANCE FOR AN EMERGENT HOOF DISEASE IN ELK (CERVUS ELAPHUS) IN THE US PACIFIC WEST SUPPLEMENTED BY 16S RRNA GENE AMPLICON SEQUENCING** Wild, Margaret A., Taylor, Kyle R., Shah, Devendra H., Garrison, Kyle, Mansfield, Kristin, et al. Key Points: - Novel hoof disease of elk first noted in the early 20002 -- Mild erosions in 3 mo, severe ulcers with underrunning of the hoof capsule in 7 mo, to deformed, asymmetric overgrown and avulsed hoof capsules in 9 mo. -- Histo – epithelial erosion and ulceration, suppurative inflammation and invasive spirochetes (Treponema spp) 🡪 treponeme-associate hoof disease (TAHD) Take home: Detected treponeme-associated hoof disease (TAHD) for the first time in Idaho and California. Results supported the use of 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing in detection of this polybacterial disease process.

Answer 73

JWD 2022 58(4):803-815 **CAUSE OF DEATH, PATHOLOGY, AND CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE STATUS OF WHITE-TAILED DEER (ODOCOILEUS VIRGINIANUS) MORTALITIES IN WISCONSIN, USA** Gilbertson MLJ, Brandell EE, Pinkerton ME, et al Key Points: - CWD prevalence increased with age in white-tailed deer, especially in females. - CWD is associated with poor nutritional condition (‘wasting’) and ectoparasites. - Pneumonia is common in white-tailed deer w/ and w/out CWD (most common agent was Trueperella pyogenes)

Answer 74

**Seasonal fluctuation of fecal consistency in zoo-housed moose (Alces alces).** Armeni AA, Thompson R, Fischer T, Clauss M. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine. 2022;53(4):785-90. Key Points: - Mortality in managed care associated with wasting syndrome complex - chronic diarrhea and weight loss - Seasonal variation of pellet consumption and env temp had significant effect on fecal scores for zoo-housed moose (high intake and higher temps linked to softer feces - Although feces consistency can be used as a warning for parasite load, variation due to seasonally varying intake should be taken into account.

Cervidae Flashcards

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