CFD 1 - craniofacial developement and disorder

Question 1

What is epithelial mesenchymal interaction?

Answer 1

signally between epithelial tissue to mesenchymal tissue to make cells differentiation into a more differentiated state

Question 2

What is induction?

Answer 2

the process in which an undifferentiated cell is instructed by specific organisers to produce a morphogenic effect

Question 3

What are the 3 periods of prenatal development?

Answer 3

• preimplantation period
• embryonic period
• fetal period

Question 4

What is the timeframe of the preimplantation period?

Answer 4

first week

Question 5

What is the timeframe of the embryonic period?

Answer 5

beginning of second week to end of eighth week

Question 6

What is the timeframe for the fetal period?

Answer 6

third to ninth month

Question 7

What processes happen during the preimplantation period?

Answer 7

fertilisation and implantation

Question 8

What processes happen during the embryonic period?

Answer 8

induction, proliferation, differentiation, morphogenesis, and maturation

Question 9

What process happens during the fetal period?

Answer 9

maturation

Question 10

What is the description of the developmental process of induction?

Answer 10

action of one group of cells on another that leads to the establishment of the developmental pathway in the responding tissue

Question 11

What is the description of the developmental process of proliferation?

Answer 11

controlled cellular growth and accumulation of byproducts

Question 12

What is the description of the developmental process of differentiation?

Answer 12

change in identical embryonic cells to become distinct structurally and functionally

Question 13

What is the description of the developmental process of morphogenesis?

Answer 13

development of specific tissue structure or differing form due to embryonic cell migration or proliferation and inductive interactions

Question 14

What is the description of the developmental process of maturation?

Answer 14

attainment of adult function and size due to proliferation, differentiation, and morphogenesis

Question 15

What is ‘patterning’, and when does it occur?

Answer 15

physiological processes or spatial and temporal events, considered key to further development

occur during the embryonic period

Question 16

What is cytodifferentiation?

Answer 16

the development of different cell types

Question 17

What is histodifferentiation?

Answer 17

the development of different histological tissue types within a structure

Question 18

What is morphodifferentiation?

Answer 18

the development of the differing morphology, which makes up its structure or shape, for each organ or system

Question 19

What can happen once different cell types have developed?

Answer 19

the cells can interact to form specific histological structures

Question 20

What is morphogenesis?

Answer 20

the process of development of specific tissue structure or shape

Question 21

At what point in development are most processes fix, and an embryo recognisable?

Answer 21

8th week of prenatal development

Question 22

In pregnancy, when will most things that can go wrong, go wrong?

Answer 22

by week 8 of development

Question 23

What happens during the second week of prenatal development?

Answer 23

• the implanted blastocyst grows by increased proliferate of the embryonic cells
• differentiation is also occurring, resulting in changes in cellular morphogenesis;
• every ridge, bump, and recess now indicates these increased levels of cellular differentiation

Question 24

What does the increased number of embryonic cells present after the second week of prenatal development create?

Answer 24

the embryonic cell layers (or germ layers) within the blastocyst

Question 25

What are the different embryonic cell layers (germ layers)?

Answer 25

- ectoderm - mesoderm - endoderm - neural crest cells (head and neck)

Question 26

What is the origin of the ectoderm?

Answer 26

epiblast layer

Question 27

What is the origin of the mesoderm?

Answer 27

migrating cells from epiblast layer

Question 28

What is the origin of the endoderm?

Answer 28

migrating cells from epiblast layer

Question 29

Where do neural crest cells come from?

Answer 29

from the developing brain, and migrate into the head and neck region

Question 30

During the second week of development, what is developed from the blastocyst?

Answer 30

a bilaminar embryonic disc

Question 31

What does the bilaminar embryonic disc look like?

Answer 31

appears as a three-dimensional but flattened, essentially circular plate of bilayered cells

Question 32

In the third week, what happens to the bilaminar disc?

Answer 32

with three layers present, the bilaminar disc thickens into a trilaminar embryonic disc

Question 33

During the 4th week of development, what happens to the disc?

Answer 33

the disc undergoes embryonic folding - establishing the axis, which places forming tissue types into their proper positions for further embryonic development as well as producing a somewhat tubular embryo

Question 34

What are dynamic interactions?

Answer 34

interactions happen quickly

Question 35

What are reciprocal interactions?

Answer 35

tissues interact with each, one in control then another

Question 36

What are sequential interactions?

Answer 36

happen in the right order, controlling the timing of events

Question 37

What are the 2 general types of phenomena tissue interactions appear to be associated with?

Answer 37

- instructive - permissive (or facilitative)

Question 38

What is the ‘instructive’ phenomena?

Answer 38

the ability of one tissue to determine specific patterns of morphogenesis and differentiation that will develop in an associated tissue - tissue will instruct other tissue on what to do next

Question 39

What is the ‘permissive (or facilitative)’ phenomena?

Answer 39

the ability of an interacting tissue to provide certain conditions that is necessary for its committed partner tissue to progress to full expression of its pre-determined phenotype

Question 40

What is needed for organogenesis?

Answer 40

- secondary inductions - right time - patterning - right place - organ rudiment - morphogenesis and proliferation - organ specific structures - differentiation

Question 41

What is the importance of hyaluronic acid in palatogenesis?

Answer 41

HA one of the things that allows shelves to elevate

Question 42

What are 4 clinical considerations during the embryonic period?

Answer 42

- drugs - chemcials - infections - radiation