Ch 04 - Addictions & Addictive Behaviors

Question 1

__ __ are any chemical that alters mood and behavior by its action on the functioning of the brain. There is generally no sensory __ from the ingestion of __ as there is with __ incentives. For example, when first trying alcohol, one usually mixes with sweet juices - it’s the sugar has its own sensory __.

Answer 1

Pshychoactive drugs.

pleasure; drugs; natural

pleasure

Question 2

T or F: Exogenous chemicals that alter the balance of normal cell functioning are synthetic.

Answer 2

False - they can be natural even though they’re synthesized (human insulin).

Question 3

There are two motives for taking drugs: __ reinforcement (they make us feel good - the goal is their __ effect); and __ reinforcement (they relieve boredom, anxiety, distress, etc. - relief from __ moods).

Both types of reinforcement can account for __ consumption.

Answer 3

positive; euphoric
negative; dysphoric

initial

Question 4

The __ __ Model states that the initial pleasurable reaction to the drug induces the body to produces an __ process that returns the body to __ (the __ sum of the two are experienced).

Answer 4

Opponent Process;

opponent; homeostasis; algebraic

Question 5

__ __ is the diminished effect with continued use of the same dosage.

It leads to increased dosage to produce the desired effect felt during __ consumption.

Answer 5

Drug tolerance

initial

Question 6

Withdrawal is the __ felt by drug abstinence.

Answer 6

dysphoria

Question 7

This model uses a yellow arc to describe the pleasurable reaction to a drug, a red arc to produce an opposite reaction to return to homeostasis, and a black line to represent homeostasis.

Also, what is meant by the “algebraic sum of the two are experienced”?

Answer 7

The Opponent Process Model.

The pleasurable reaction and the opposing reaction (opponent process) cancel each other out in order to return to homeostasis.

Question 8

The __ __ theory of addiction states that repeated drug use becomes motivated more by a drug’s __ value (wanting or anticipated pleasure) than by its __ value (actual pleasure or liking it).

One of the main factors of this theory is __, which is the urge to obtain pleasurable effects of a drug or the desire to be rid of negative withdrawal symptoms.

Answer 8

incentive sensitization; incentive; hedonic

craving

Question 9

This theory of addiction states that the ‘pursuit’ is more pleasurable than realization of the goal.

Answer 9

incentive sensitization theory (of addiction).

Question 10

According to the National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA), __ is the continued consumption of drugs despite adverse physical and __ effects - it’s loss of __, not just repeated use.

Note: the current NIDA definition does NOT include __ or __ dependency.

Answer 10

addiction; social; control.

psychological; physiological

Question 11

Explain addiction using the monkey and rat experiments.

Answer 11

Both animals were allowed to self-administer cocaine, and both ignored working to obtain food in favor of cocaine to the point where they starved to death.

Question 12

There are 2 main reasons that leave a person more susceptible to addiction:

1. __ __ Syndrome: self medicating to correct imbalance of __ in the brain reward circuitry (tends to be a __ predisposition).
2. __ of one’s personality: they are __ (lack planning).

Answer 12

Reward Deficiency; dopamine; genetic

Disposition; impulsive

Question 13

This response model states that a classically conditioned response is opposite to the response produced by the unconditioned stimulus / unconditioned drug response. The response prepares the individual for the actual drug experience.

Answer 13

The Conditioned Compensatory Response model

Question 14

The Conditioned Compensatory Response Model explains the danger / greater potential for OD as follows:
The physiological changes to return to __ are triggered by associated stimuli __ the drug is taken; this causes a reduction in __ after consumption which leads to increased consumption and OD.

Name some examples of stimuli.

Answer 14

homeostasis; before; euphoria

bar, friends, paraphernalia; rituals

Question 15

This response model states that stimuli associated with drug taking evoke dysphoria; it happens before the drug is taken and is opposite the unconditioned response.

This should not be confused with this model that states initial pleasurable reaction to a drug induces the body to produce an opposing process; happens after the drug is taken.

Answer 15

Conditioned Compensatory Response Model.

Opponent Process Model

Question 16

This response model states that stimuli associated with drug taking elicit conditioned responses that evoke reactions similar to the actual drug effect.

This also explains drug __.

Answer 16

The Conditioned Druglike Response Model

priming

Question 17

Drug __ is the reinstatement or increase in drug craving by a small dose of the drug or by stimuli associated with the drug. For example, when a smoker walks into an area where there are cigarettes, the brain releases a small amount of __ which __ the addict to crave the drug.

Note: __ can also serve as a stimulus for this phenomenon (e.g., Ukrainian soldiers who picked smoking back up after having quit for > 10 yrs). Both drug __ and __ serve as factors in drug relapse.

Answer 17

priming;
dopamine; primes

stress;
priming; stress

Question 18

Receptors where drugs interact to cause an effect on the brain are located on __.

Vesicles that release NTs are located at the __ __ of axons.

Answer 18

dendrites.

terminal buttons

Question 19

The reward pathway, AKA the __ pathway, originates at the __ __ area, projects to the __ __, which, in turn, projects to the __ cortex where executive function takes place.

Answer 19

mesolimbic; ventral tegmental; nucleus accumbens; prefrontal

Question 20

This NT is responsible for reinforcing effects of natural rewards such as food, water, and mating - rewards that are necessary for survival. Consequently, drugs that stimulate this pathway eventually __ it making treatment difficult because the brain believes it needs the drugs in order to __.

Answer 20

Dopamine

hijack; survive

Question 21

These NTs are naturally produced opioids comparable to morphine.

Answer 21

Endorphins

Question 22

__ addiction refers to compulsive behaviors that result in __ health consequences. This is a term applied mainly to __ and strenuous __ which can produce a __ high or __ high (similar to drugs).

Answer 22

Positive; positive

runners; exercisers; runner’s; exercise

Question 23

Compulsory running, exercising, gambling, sex, shopping, and internet/gaming are all examples of what?

Answer 23

behavioral addictions

Question 24

What do behavioral addictions and drug addictions have in common? (two things)

Answer 24

1. Both are compulsory behaviors despite the negative effect on physical or social health.
2. Both activate the same reward (mesolimbic) pathway.