ch 1

Question 1

What are the boundaries of the upper airways?

Answer 1

from the anterior nares to the true vocal cords

Question 2

where does the upper airways begin and end?

Answer 2

tip of your nose to the vocal cords

Question 3

where does the lower airways begin?

Answer 3

from the vocal cords all the way to the alveolar capillary membrane.

Question 4

what are the 6 functions of the upper airways?

Answer 4

• heating/cooling
• filtering
• humidifying
• olfaction
• phonation
• conduction

Question 5

what is the function of the nose hairs also known as vibrissae?

Answer 5

it acts as a gross filter, it is the first line of defense against germs, fungus, and spores and also traps debris.

Question 6

where is the olfactory region located?

Answer 6

an area in each nasal cavity defined by the superior concha laterally, nasal septal cartilage medially, and roof of the nasal cavity superiorly.

Question 7

what happens to your sense of smell when you are intubated or have a tracheostomy?

Answer 7

you do not have a sense of smell.

Question 8

why is your sense of smell so important to maintain human health and in some cases survival?

Answer 8

it can alert us of danger

i.e chemicals, smelly fridge

Question 9

what is the function of the turbinates or concha?

Answer 9

to control air flow

Question 10

relate the importance of surface area to the concha?

Answer 10

provides moisture, mucus, traps debris, and it acts as a humidity and filter system

Question 11

how large is the surface area in the respiratory area of the upper airway?

Answer 11

160 cm2

Question 12

why is it necessary for the air to be so turbulent in the respiratory region?

Answer 12

it produces inertial impaction which increases the certainty that particles will meet the surface area. It also will filter, moisture, and heat.

Question 13

how many milliliters of water per day can the respiratory region of the nose deliver of dry gas every day?

Answer 13

650 to 1000 mL, relative humidity 80%

Question 14

what is the surface area of the respiratory region made of?

Answer 14

the epithelial lining is pseudostratififed ciliated colimnar epithelium. There are a lot of cilia, goblet cells, and mucus glands. they produce liquid and mucus.

Question 15

how does inertial impaction help clean the air we breathe through the respiratory region of the nose?

Answer 15

traps particles up to 5 micrometers of dust and debris

Question 16

which region of the nose is lined with cilia?

Answer 16

the columnar cells of the epithelial lining of the nasal cavity contains the cilia. this is located on the large surface

Question 17

which region of the nose is not lined with ciliary epithelium?

Answer 17

the vestibular and olfactory regions

Question 18

what are the mechanics of moving mucus?

Answer 18

mucociliary escalator: the sol layer which is the bottom and the gel layer which the top

Question 19

describe how the mucociliary escalator works in your nose.

Answer 19

it works to remove debris and mucus

Question 20

what are the component parts to the mucociliary escalator?

Answer 20

gel, sol, mucus blanket, goblet cells, and cilia

Question 21

how does the mucus blanket move?

Answer 21

in a wave like motion

Question 22

what would happen if the soluble layer loses to much moisture?

Answer 22

mucus would slow and build up due to thickness

Question 23

describe the cause and effect between a nasogastric tube, ET tube, and inner ear infection.

Answer 23

nasogastric tubes cause inner ear infections from blocking the eustachian tube, blocks sinus drainage, sinusitis, and sinus infection often result.

Question 24

where are the nasal sinuses and why are they there?

Answer 24

frontal and sphenoid sinuses; they are hollow spaces to make your head lighter and better voices when we talk

Question 25

anatomically and physiologically speaking why does mouth breathing cause the patient to have such a dry throat?

Answer 25

they can not produce a lot of humidity (humidity deficit)

Question 26

what does the nose have that the mouth and pharynx does not have, when it comes to humidifying dry air?

Answer 26

heat, moisture, and filtering

Question 27

does mouth breathing cause a humidity deficit?

Answer 27

no the body will compensate

Question 28

how much airway resistance comes from breathing through the nose?

Answer 28

1/2 to 2/3

Question 29

what structural, anatomical features of the nose cause so much airway resistance?

Answer 29

the turbinate region (concha)

Question 30

when people get SOB, why do they stop breathing through their nose and start breathing through their mouths?

Answer 30

to avoid airway resistance

Question 31

when a SOB patient is breathing through their mouth will a nasal cannula help them?

Answer 31

no because they are mouth breathing. They should have a mask.

Question 32

what reflex response is located at the back of the tongue?

Answer 32

the vagal gag reflex (pharyngeal reflex)

Question 33

what would occur if the RT attempted to do an oral intubation on a alert oriented patient?

Answer 33

this would cause the patient to gag or aspirate

Question 34

what type of artificial airway cannot be used on an alert oriented patient?

Answer 34

oropharyngeal airway (endotracheal tube)

Question 35

what is the function of the tonsils?

Answer 35

fight infection

Question 36

what are the 3 divisions of the pharynx?

Answer 36

nasopharynx oropharynx laryngopharynx (hypopharynx)

Question 37

what pharygeal region contains the eustachian tubes?

Answer 37

nasopharynx

Question 38

what intubation method can cause otitis media?

Answer 38

nasal intubation

Question 39

list the functions of the nasopharynx.

Answer 39

gas conduction filtration of gas defense mechanism of the body (tonsils)

Question 40

list the functions of the oropharynx.

Answer 40

gas conduction food/fluid conduction filtration of inspired gas defense from microorganisma entrances (waldeyers ring)

Question 41

list the functions of the laryngopharynx.

Answer 41

gas conduction | food/fluid conduction

Question 42

why is the pharyngeal reflex so important?

Answer 42

they prevent foreign material from entering the throat, for protection

Question 43

what dangerous problems can happen when the pharyngeal reflexes are suppressed?

Answer 43

gagging and aspiration can result

Question 44

what can suppress the pharyngeal reflexes?

Answer 44

a person that is unconscious or damage to the cranial nerves.

Question 45

what are the 3 basic functions of the larynx?

Answer 45

gas conduction: ventilation phonation: production of sound sphincter or glottis mechanism

Question 46

how does the larynx function during coughing?

Answer 46

works to seal airway, ability to close shut

Question 47

what is the function or purpose of the epiglottis?

Answer 47

acts as an umbrella

Question 48

what is the importance of the cricoidthyroid ligament during airway emergencies?

Answer 48

to create a emergency airway for short term when structures above it are blocked

Question 49

where is the cricoid cartilage in relation to the thyroid cartilage?

Answer 49

it lies inferior to the thyroid and superior to the trachea, to which it attaches.

Question 50

how is the cricoid cartilage different from the thyroid cartilage?

Answer 50

the thyroid is larger where as the cricoid is smaller and the thyroid is superior to the cricoid. The cricoid is also shaped like a signet ring

Question 51

what is the name of the space between the true vocal cords?

Answer 51

glottis (rima glottis)

Question 52

which direction do the vocal cords move during inhalation?

Answer 52

abduction is accomplished by lateral rotation of the arytenoids, thus increasing the size of the glottis

Question 53

which direction do the vocal cords move during exhalation?

Answer 53

adduction is accomplished by medial rotation and approximation of the arytenoids, thus sealing the glottis.