Ch 1

Question 1

Primary Sources

Answer 1

Reports from original context /source

Example: An eyewitness describing what they observed

Question 2

Secondary Sources

Answer 2

Refers to content first reported in another source

Example: Summarizing what an eyewitness says they observed

Question 3

Claims

Answer 3

Statement argument presented in a factual manner

Example: Which vehicle is the safest?

Question 4

Intuition

Answer 4

common sense

Question 5

Deduction

Answer 5

Using logical reasoning & current knowledge as a method of knowing about the world

Question 6

Authority

Answer 6

Relying on a knowledgeable person/group as a mean of knowing about the world

Example: Parents, religious leaders, teachers, friends, doctors, lawyers, etc.

Question 7

Observation

Answer 7

Learning by observing the world around us

Question 8

Population

Answer 8

Group of individual a researcher seeks to learn about from a research study

Question 9

Sample

Answer 9

Group of individuals chosen from the population to represent it in a research study

Question 10

Sampling error

Answer 10

Difference between the observation in the population & in the sample that represents that population in a study

( Sample MEAN - Population MEAN = Error )

Question 11

Representative Samples

Answer 11

Group chosen that represents the population researcher want to learn about
(Can sometimes be bias)

Example: School survey —> Extra Credit = more responses
—> No Extra Credit= no/little response

Question 12

Validity

Answer 12

Degree to which a survey is an accurate measure of interest

Question 13

Descriptive statistics

Answer 13

Can be used to describe sample

Tendencies among individuals within the sample

Question 14

Inferential statistics

Answer 14

Inferential statistics allow us to make inferences about the data collection

(Hypothesis Testing)

Question 15

Operational Definition

Answer 15

The way a behavior is being defined in a study to allow it to be measured

Question 16

4 types of scales of measurement

Answer 16

Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio

Question 17

Nominal scale

Answer 17

Categorical response (non ordinal)

Example: Choose the word that best characterizes your current mood:
• Happy
• Sad
• Indifferent
• Anxious
• Angry

Question 18

Ordinal scale

Answer 18

Rankings/categories from high to low

Example: Arrange the following movies from least to most enjoyable
• Finding Nemo
• Inside Out
• Wall-E
• Coco

Question 19

Interval scale

Answer 19

Numerical responses that are equally spaced but scores

Example: I like being a student at Texas A&M – San Antonio:
• 5 – Strongly Disagree
• 4 – Somewhat Disagree • 3 – Neutral
• 2 – Somewhat Agree
• 1 – Strongly Agree

Question 20

Ratio scale

Answer 20

Numerical responses & scores are ratios of each other

Example: On a scale from 0 to 100 with 100 being absolutely confident, what is the likelihood the Dallas Cowboys make the playoffs this year?

Question 21

Survey Data

Answer 21

Rely on self-report & self-disclosure. (errors & biases)

Question 22

Social desirability

Answer 22

Inaccurate data can undermine research process

Over-report positive behaviors; under-report negative behaviors

Question 23

Construct validity

Answer 23

Degree to which a survey is an accurate measure of interest

Question 24

Frequency Distribution Table

Answer 24

Hw 1D for example