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A&P Lecture CH 1-4 > CH 1 > Flashcards

CH 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cell?

A

The basic unit of life

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2
Q

What is the order of the human structural organization?

A

cell → tissue → organ → organ system → organism

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3
Q

How many organ systems are there?

A

11

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4
Q

What is the function of the Integumentary system?

A

Provides protection from external environment, waterproofs the body, regulates body temperature, makes Vitamin D, etc.

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5
Q

What are the organs in the integumentary system?

A

Skin

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6
Q

What is the function of the Skeletal system?

A

Aids in movement, provides protection, site of blood cell formation, stores minerals

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7
Q

What organs are in the Skeletal System?

A

Bones

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8
Q

What is the function of the Muscular system?

A

Movement

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9
Q

What organs are in the Muscular system?

A

Skeletal Muscles

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10
Q

What is the function of the Nervous system?

A

Responding to stimuli, provides sensation, control system for other organ systems, etc.

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11
Q

What organs are in the Nervous system?

A

Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves

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12
Q

What is the function of the Endocrine system?

A

Secretion of hormones to regulate the body’s growth

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13
Q

What organs are in the Endocrine system?

A

Pituitary gland, Thyroid gland, Adrenal gland

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14
Q

What is the function of the Cardiovascular system?

A

Pumps and transports blood, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and hormones

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15
Q

What organs are in the Cardiovascular system?

A

Heart, Blood vessels

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16
Q

What is the function of the Lymphatic system?

A

fight infection

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17
Q

What are the organs in the lymphatic system?

A

Lymph nodes

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18
Q

What is the function of the Respiratory system?

A

Gas exchange with the blood for oxygen and the removal of carbon dioxide

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19
Q

What organs are found in the Respiratory system?

A

Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs

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20
Q

What is the function of the Digestive system?

A

Breaks down food, absorbs nutrients

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21
Q

What organs are found in the Digestive system?

A

Stomach

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22
Q

What is the function of the Urinary system?

A

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes

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23
Q

What organs are found in the Urinary system?

A

Kidneys, Urinary bladder

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24
Q

What is the function of the reproductive system?

A

Production of sperm and eggs for the production of offspring

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25
What organs are in the Reproductive system?
Testes, Ovaries
26
What are the necessary functions of life?
1. Differentiation 2. Movement 3. Responsiveness/Irritability 4. Metabolism 5. Excretion 6. Reproduction 7. Growth
27
What is homeostasis?
The maintenance of a relatively stable internal state/condition
28
What feedbacks do you get for homeostasis?
Positive and Negative feedback
29
What is the definition of Positive feedback?
type of feedback mechanism that increases or exaggerates the initial stimulus
30
What is an example of Positive feedback?
Ex: Childbirth/Labor • Initial stimulus: baby descending out of uterus causing stretching of the uterus (baby wants out) • Receptor: uterine receptors detect stretching • Control Center: Pituitary gland in brain releases oxytocin • Effector: Uterine muscle increase the force and frequency of contractions • End result: baby descends out faster (baby comes out faster)
31
What is the definition of Negative feedback?
type of feedback mechanism that either shuts off, reduces, or gives the opposite effect to the initial stimulus
32
What is an example of Negative feedback?
Ex: How you control your body temperature • Initial stimulus: you get cold (body temperature drops) • Receptor: temperature receptors in skin • Control Center: brain • Effector: skeletal muscles cause shivering • End result: you warm up (body temperature rises)
33
What is the definition of homeostatic imbalances?
Imbalances are disturbances in homeostasis that often result in disease
34
What are the 3 components to Homeostatic control mechanism?
Receptor, Control Center, and Effector
35
What does the Receptor do?
senses stimuli (changes in the environment)
36
What does the Control Center do?
analyzes information and determines an appropriate response
37
What does the Effector do?
Provides the response to the stimulus
38
What is Superior/Cranial?
Toward the head – Above/Top ex. The head is superior to the abdomen.
39
What is Inferior/Caudal?
Away from the head, toward the feet – Below/Bottom ex. The navel is inferior to the chin.
40
What is Anterior/Ventral?
Toward the front ex. The breastbone is anterior to the spine.
41
What is Posterior/Dorsal?
Toward the back ex. The heart is posterior to the breastbone.
42
What is the Medial?
Toward the midline - middle ex. The heart is medial to the lungs.
43
What is the Lateral?
Away from the midline - side ex. The arms are lateral to the chest.
44
What is the Intermediate?
Between medial and lateral ex. The clavicle is intermediate between the breastbone and shoulder.
45
What is the Proximal?
Close to the origin or trunk of the body ex. The elbow is proximal to the wrist. Proximal is used for arms and legs.
46
What is the Distal?
Far from the origin or trunk of the body ex. The knee is distal to the thigh. Distal is used for arms and legs.
47
What is the Superficial/External?
Toward the surface ex. The skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles.
48
What is the Deep/Internal?
Away from the surface – deep inside ex. The bones are deep to the skin.
49
Cephalic
entire head
50
Frontal
Forehead
51
Orbital
Eye
52
Nasal
Nose
53
Buccal
Cheek
54
Oral
Mouth
55
Mental
Chin
56
Occipital
Back of the head
57
Cervical
Neck
58
Thoracic
Entire Chest
59
Sternal
sternum/breastbone
60
Axillary
armpit
61
Pectoral
Upper chest
62
Abdominal
Abdomen
63
Dorsal
back
64
Scapular
upper back/shoulder blades
65
Vertebral
middle of back/spine
66
Lumbar
lower back
67
Sacral
back of the pelvis
68
gluteal
buttocks
69
Umbilical
belly button/umbilicus
70
Pelvic
entire pelvic
71
Inguinal
Groin
72
Pubic
Genitals
73
Upper Limb
entire upper appendages (arm, forearm, wrist, and hand)
74
Acromial
top of shoulder
75
deltoid
shoulder
76
Brachial
Arm
77
Antecubital
front of elbow
78
Olecranal
elbow
79
Antebrachial
forearm
80
Carpal
Wrist
81
Manus
entire hand
82
digital
fingers and toes
83
Lower Limb
entire lower appendages (thigh, leg, ankle, foot)
84
Coxal
hip
85
femoral
thigh
86
patellar
front of knee
87
popliteal
back of the knee
88
crural
front of leg
89
sural
back of the leg
90
fibular
side of leg
91
Tarsal
ankle
92
pedal
entire foot
93
Calcaneal
heel
94
Plantar
Bottom of foot
95
Digital
toes and fingers
96
Sagittal
divides the body into right and left halves
97
Midsagittal
Center cut that divides the body into equal left and right halves
98
Parasagittal
off-center cut that divides the body into unequal left and right halves
99
Frontal/Coronal
divides the body into anterior/front and posterior/back
100
Transverse/Cross
divides the body into superior/top and inferior/bottom
101
Oblique
divides the body at a random angle
102
The body is divided into 2 major internal cavities. What are the two?
1. Dorsal 2. Ventral
103
The dorsal cavity is divided into-
1. Cranial cavity 2. Spinal cavity
104
The Ventral cavity is divided into-
1. Thoracic cavity- above the diaphragm 2. Abdominopelvic cavity- below the diaphragm
105
What is the Thoracic cavity divided into?
a. Mediastinum – holds the heart, trachea, etc. i. -Pericardial cavity – holds the heart b. Pleural cavity – holds the lungs
106
What is the Abdominopelvic cavity divided into?
a. Abdominal cavity – holds the stomach, liver, etc. b. Pelvic cavity- holds the bladder, rectum, etc.
107
What does the Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) hold?
holds liver, gallbladder
108
What does the Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) hold?
holds spleen, liver, intestines
109
What does the Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) hold?
holds large intestine, appendix, small intestine
110
What does the Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) hold?
holds large intestine, small intestine
111
What are the 9 segments in the Abdominopelvic
i. Right hypochondriac region – liver ii. Epigastric region – stomach iii. Left hypochondriac region – spleen iv. Right lumbar region – large intestine (ascending colon) v. Umbilical region – small intestine vi. Left lumbar region – large intestine (descending colon) vii. Right iliac/inguinal region – appendix viii. Hypogastric/pubic region – bladder ix. Left iliac/inguinal region – large intestine (sigmoid colon)
112
What is Serous Membrane?
a thin sheet of tissue that lines body cavities, and secretes a serous fluid for lubrication
113
What are the two layers of Serous membrane?
o Parietal layer – outermost layer that touches/lines the wall of the body cavity o Visceral layer – innermost layer that touches/lines the organs within the cavity

A&P Lecture CH 1-4 (4 decks)

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