Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

CSCS > CH. 1 > Flashcards

CH. 1 Flashcards

(76 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

Skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

Shoulder, pelvic girdle & bones in extremities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Fibrous joints

A

Allow virtually no movement (structures of the skull)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

Allow limited movement (intervertebral disks)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Synovial joints

A

Allow considerable movement (knee, elbow)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Bone Periosteum

A

Specialized connective tissue that covers all bones that tendons attach to

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Epimysium

A

Outer connective tissue surrounding the muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Perimysium

A

Middle connective tissue surrounding fasciculi (a bundle of muscle fibers)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Endomysium

A

Inner connective tissue surrounding each individual muscle muscle fiber and is contiguous with the muscle fiber’s membrane: Sarcolemma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Muscle fiber content

A

Sarcolemma (membrane)
Protein myofibrils
Additional protein
Stored glycogen
Fat particles
Enzymes
Mitochondria
Sarcoplasmic reticulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Sarcomere

A

Smallest contractile unit in a muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Myofibrils

A

Composed of actin and myosin myofilaments that are organized longitudinally in the sarcomere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

T tubules

A

Run perpendicular to the sarcoplasmic reticulum and terminate near the Z line between two sarcomeres. Contiguous with the Sarcolemma and deliver the signal from the motor neuron simultaneously to all depths of the muscle fiber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

A

Intricate system of tubules that surround each myofibril and contains calcium ions that regulate muscle contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

A band

A

Alignment of myosin filaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

I Band

A

Contains actin filaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Z line

A

Splits the I band and separates sarcomeres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

H zone

A

Center of sarcomeres that contain myosin filaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Motor unit (components)

A

Motor neuron
NM Junction
Corresponding muscle fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Motor neurons

A

Nerve cells responsible for innervating muscle fibers. 1 motor neuron can innervate up to thousands of muscle fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

All or nothing principal

A

All muscles within a motor unit contract simultaneously when a motor unit delivers the signal to contract by the discharge of action potential. A stronger action potential CAN’T
produce a stronger muscle contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Action potential

A

Release of acetylcholine at nerve terminal. Diffuses across NM junction and excites the Sarcoplasmic reticulum/Sarcolemma and the fibers contract to merge and completely fuse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the 5 phases of the Sliding Filament Theory?

A

Resting phase
Excitation-Contraction Coupling phase
Contraction phase
Recharge phase
Relaxation Phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Resting Phase

A
  • Majority of calcium is stored in Sarcoplasmic reticulum
  • Few myosin crossbridges are bound to actin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Vertebral Column
7 cervical vertebrae 12 thoracic vertebrae 5 lumbar vertebrae 5 sacral vertebrae 3-5 coccygeal
26
Excitation-Contraction Coupling Phase
-Nervous System signals the motor unit to contract -Action Potential discharges across NM junction -Calcium is released from Sarcoplasmic reticulum -Calcium ions bind with troponin on actin -H zone and I-Band shrink -Z lines pull together as sarcomere shrinks
27
Contraction Phase
- ATP on the myosin crossbridge breaks down via hydrolysis, catalyzed by enzyme ATPase - Breakdown of ATP to ADP and phosphate delivers the energy for the pulling action aka power stroke
28
Recharge Phase
- New ATP replaces ADP on the myosin crossbridge - If calcium, ATP & ATPase are available, contraction repeats
29
Relaxation Phase
- Calcium pumped back into Sarcoplasmic Reticulum - Actin and myosin return to unbound state - Muscle Relaxes
30
Type I Fibers (slow twitch)
-Efficient -Resistant to fatigue -High capillary density/density of mitochondria -High capacity for aerobic energy -Low recruitment threshold (activated at lower demand unlike Type II) -Limited potential for rapid Force development & anaerobic power
31
Type II Fibers
-Type IIa & IIx -Inefficient and rapidly fatigue -Capable of rapidly producing force for short periods of time -Significant anaerobic power -Type IIa have greater capacity for aerobic metabolism and more capillaries than Type IIx making them more resistant to fatigue
32
Postural Muscles
-Large composition of Type I fibers -Needed throughout the day so endurance is required -Example: Soleus
33
Prime Mover Muscles
-Include Type I and Type II fibers due to varying need -Intensity of activity determines relative involvement of fiber types -Example: Quadriceps group (involved in both low and high power activities)
34
2 ways muscle force is graded
1. Frequency of motor unit activation (twitch) 2. Increase in the total number of activated units (recruitment)
35
Tetanus
State of muscle activation where twitches are so frequent they merge together
36
How to improve muscle force production in athletes
1. Incorporating phases of training with heavier loads 2. Increasing muscle cross-sectional area through Resistance training 3. Focusing on explosive, multi-muscle, multi-joint exercises
37
Proprioceptors
Specialized sensory receptors that provide the CNS with info regarding the position of body parts with respect to gravity
38
Muscle Spindles
-Modified intrafusal muscle fibers enclosed in a sheath of connective tissue running parallel to normal muscle fibers (extrafusal) -Provide info concerning muscle length and rate of change in length -Cause corresponding muscles to contract when stretched -Indicate the degree of muscle activation needed to overcome resistance -Increased spindle activation results in increased motor unit activation
39
Golgi Tendon Organs (GTOs)
-Located in tendons near myotendinous junction -Attached end to end in series with extrafusal fibers -Activate when tendon attached to an active muscle is stretched -Discharge of GTOs increases as level of tension in muscle increases -GTO discharge stimulates inhibitory neurons in the spinal cord, reducing tension in muscle -Protects against excessive muscle tension and decreases muscle unit activation
40
R Side of heart
Pumps blood through the lungs for oxygenation
41
L side of heart
Pumps oxygenated blood throughout the body
42
Right atrium
Receives non-oxygenated blood from body
43
Right Ventricle
Pumps blood through the pulmonary circulation
44
Left atrium
Receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary circulation
45
Left ventricle
Pumps oxygenated blood through body
46
Atrioventricular Valves
Tricuspid and Mitral Valves that prevent backflow of blood from ventricles into atria during contraction (systole)
47
Semilunar Valves
Aortic and Pulmonary valves that prevent blood flow from aorta and pulmonary arteries during ventricular relaxation (diastole)
48
SA Node
Pacemaker of the heart, source of the rhythmic electrical impulses
49
AV node
Delays impulse from SA node to allow blood into ventricles
50
AV Bundles
-Conducts impulse to ventricles via left and right bundle branches— further branching into Purkinje fibers. -transmits signals nearly simultaneously to left and right ventricles
51
Typical RHR
60-100 bpm
52
Bradycardia
Less than 60 bpm
53
Tachycardia
Over 100 bpm
54
Sympathetic Nervous system
Accelerates depolarization of SA node, increasing HR
55
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Decreases rate of depolarization, decreasing HR
56
P-wave
Electrical depolarization of the atria, which results in mechanical contraction
57
QRS Complex
Depolarization of ventricles -Atrial repolarization masked by QRS complex
58
T-wave
Ventricular repolarization, resetting the heart between each beat
59
Hemoglobin
Iron-protein molecule that transports oxygen and buffers blood pH
60
Red blood cells
Contain hemoglobin and facilitates CO2 removal
61
Arteries
Large tubes that rapidly transport blood FROM the heart -stiff walls to contain the high pressure of blood from the heart
62
Arterioles
Small tubes that branch off the arteries and control the blood before entering the capillaries
63
Capillaries
Smallest tubes that facilitate exchange of O2, CO2 and nutrients between blood and tissues
64
Venules
Collect blood from capillaries and transport it to veins
65
Veins
Larger tubes that return blood to heart -thinner, dilatable walls that constrict or expand depending on current needs of the body
66
Respiratory System
Nasal Cavities Trachea Right & Left Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli
67
Nasal cavities
Warm, purify, and humidify air entering the body
68
Trachea
1st generation respiratory passage
69
Right & Left Bronchi
2nd generation passages that split from trachea toward right & left lungs
70
Bronchioles
Additional 23 generations of passageways that deliver air to the alveoli
71
Alveoli
Location in lungs where gas exchange (diffusion) occurs nearly instantaneously
72
Inspiration
Diaphragm contracts, creating negative pressure in the lungs that pulls in air
73
Expiration
Diaphragm relaxes and elastic recoil in the lungs and chest cavity expels the air
74
Muscles involved in heavy breathing
Intercostals Sternocleidomastoids Anterior Serrati Scaleni
75
Pleural Pressure
Pressure in the narrow space between lung pleura and chest wall pleura that is normally slightly negative -Increases during and inspiration and decreases during expiration
76
Alveolar Pressure
Pressure inside the lung alveoli when the glottis is fully open and no airflow in or out of the lungs is occurring -Increases during expiration and decreases during inspiration

CSCS (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions