CH 1

Question 1

Psychology

Answer 1

SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF (HUMAN) BEHAVIOR AND MENTAL
PROCESSES
* PSYCHOLOGY HELPS US TO UNDERSTAND THE REAL WORLD—AND OURSELVES; EXPLAINS OUR MENTAL ACTIVITY AND BEHAVIOR

Question 2

Behavior

Answer 2

AN OBSERVABLE AND MEASURABLE ACTION. WHAT
INDIVIDUALS DO THEIR ACTIONS AND RESPONSES.

Question 3

Mental Processes

Answer 3

HOW WE SEE THE WORLD; COGNITIONS
(PERCEIVING, THINKING, UNDERSTANDING AND MEMORY) AND
AFFECTS (FEELINGS OR MOODS THAT FOLLOW AN EMOTIONAL
REACTION)

Question 4

Uncritical Acceptance

Answer 4

Failing to evaluate claims using sufficient logic
* Tendency to accept beliefs as true for illogical reasons

Question 5

Confirmation Bias

Answer 5

Noticing that which confirms our expectations
* Often occurs unconsciously
* Deliberate selection of evidence to support beliefs
* MAY ALSO INVOLVE ACTIVE AVOIDANCE/DISREGARD OF THAT WHICH CONTRADICTS OUR
EXPECTATIONS

Question 6

Superstition

Answer 6

Belief lacking in objective evidence

Question 7

Pseudoscience

Answer 7

False Science

Question 8

Pseudo - Psychology

Answer 8

APPROACH TO EXPLAINING AND PREDICTING BEHAVIOR AND
EVENTS THAT APPEARS TO BE PSYCHOLOGY BUT IS NOT SUPPORTED BY EMPIRICAL,
OBJECTIVE EVIDENCE
* Astrology
* Phrenology
* Graphology

Question 9

Psychologists

Answer 9

Highly trained in methods, knowledge, and theories of psychological research
* Usually, master’s degree or doctorate
* Requires several years postgraduate training
* Teach and do research
* Consulting or therapy
* Research in nonacademic settings

Question 10

Clinical Psychologist

Answer 10

Treats psychological problems; research on
therapies and mental disorders

Question 11

Counseling Psychologist

Answer 11

Treats milder problems such as trouble at work
or school

Question 12

Psychiatrist

Answer 12

Medical doctor, treats serious mental disorders,
often with drugs

Question 13

Psychoanalyst

Answer 13

Psychiatrist or psychologist who uses a very
specific approach to psychotherapy

Question 14

Counselor

Answer 14

Advises, offers practical helping skills to solve
problems with marriage, career, school, and so
on

Question 15

Basic Research

Answer 15

• SEEKING
  KNOWLEDGE FOR
  THE SAKE OF
  KNOWLEDGE
• FOR EXAMPLE, HOW
  MEMORY WORKS

Question 16

Applied Research

Answer 16

• SOLVING IMMEDIATE
  PRACTICAL
  PROBLEMS
• FOR EXAMPLE, HOW
  TO IMPROVE
  ATHLETIC
  PERFORMANCE

Question 17

Animal Model

Answer 17

• A SMALL
  PERCENTAGE OF
  PSYCHOLOGICAL
  STUDIES
• PRINCIPLES APPLY TO
  HUMANS
• FOR EXAMPLE,
  STRESS, LEARNING,
  OBESITY, SLEEP

Question 18

THE AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (APA)

Answer 18

ONE OF THE MAJOR PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS IN THE FIELD, IT HAS OVER 50
DIVISIONS REPRESENTING VARIOUS SUB-DISCIPLINES AND AREAS OF INTEREST (APA,
2012A)

Question 19

THE ASSOCIATION FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE (APS)

Answer 19

ANOTHER MAJOR PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATION IN THE FIELD, IT OFFERS A LIST ON
ITS WEBSITE OF OVER 100 DIFFERENT SOCIETIES, ORGANIZATIONS, AND AGENCIES
THAT ARE CONSIDERED TO HAVE SOME AFFILIATION WITH THE FIELD OF
PSYCHOLOGY. (APS, 2012)

Question 20

William Wundt

Answer 20

Considered father of psychology
* Relied on scientific observation
* SOUGHT TO TRAIN INTROSPECTIONISTS TO BE
SYSTEMATIC AND SCIENTIFIC AS THEY LOOKED INWARD
TO REPORT REACTIONS TO VARIOUS STIMULI
* STUDIED VISION, HEARING, TASTE, TOUCH, MEMORY, TIME
PERCEPTION, AND OTHER TOPICS

Question 21

Stimulus

Answer 21

Physical energy that affects a person and evokes a response

Question 22

Introspection

Answer 22

Personal observation of mental events; thoughts, feelings, and
sensations

Question 23

Edward Titchener

Answer 23

Brought introspection ideas to the United States, naming them
structuralism.

Question 24

Structuralism

Answer 24

Study of sensation and personal experience as a basic element

Question 25

Imageless Thought

Answer 25

Lack of a conscious image to form though

Question 26

Serial Positioning

Answer 26

Confirms much thinking takes place in the cognitive unconscious

Question 27

Max Wertheimer

Answer 27

Max Wertheimer was first to advance the Gestalt viewpoint According to Gestalt psychologist, perceptions have a powerful tendency to form meaningful patterns

Question 28

Gestalt psychology

Answer 28

Gestalt psychology studied experiences of thinking, learning, personality, and perception as whole units, not by parts (structuralist)

Question 29

William James

Answer 29

Functionalism: Considers behavior in terms of active adaptations * Consciousness is ever-changing stream of images and sensations * Includes Darwin’s principle of natural selection * Brought the study of animals into psychology and promoted educational work

Question 30

John Watson

Answer 30

Behaviorism: Emphasizes study of observable actions over the study of the mind * Observed relationships between stimuli and animal’s response * Adopted Ivan Pavlov's concept of conditioning to explain most behavior * Believed conditioning could change people’s actions

Question 31

B.F. Skinner

Answer 31

Believed actions are controlled by rewards and punishments * Rejected both introspection and the concept of mind as inappropriate subject matter for scientific psychology * Felt behavior best explained without mental events such as thinking

Question 32

Sigmund Freud

Answer 32

Mental life is like an iceberg, with only a small part exposed * Dynamic unconscious: Area of the mind outside of personal awareness * Behavior deeply influenced by unconscious thoughts, impulses, and desires, especially sex and aggression