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Question 1

What is psychology?

Answer 1

The study of mental processes and behaviors.

Question 2

What are the four goals of psychology?

Answer 2

Describe, explain, predict, and control behavior.

Question 3

What are mental processes?

Answer 3

Activities of the brain like thinking and remembering.

Question 4

What is behavior?

Answer 4

Observable actions in response to stimuli.

Question 5

What is culture?

Answer 5

Shared beliefs and practices transmitted across generations.

Question 6

Who is Hippocrates?

Answer 6

A Greek physician who linked mental and physical health.

Question 7

What did Plato believe about knowledge?

Answer 7

Knowledge is innate and inborn

Question 8

What is empiricism?

Answer 8

The belief that knowledge comes from experience.

Question 9

Who is René Descartes?

Answer 9

A philosopher who proposed mind-body dualism.

Question 10

What is structuralism?

Answer 10

A study of the structure of conscious experience (Titchener).

Question 11

What is introspection?

Answer 11

Self-observation of mental processes

Question 12

What is functionalism?

Answer 12

Focus on the purpose of mental processes (James).

Question 13

What is Gestalt psychology?

Answer 13

The whole is greater than the sum of its parts

Question 14

Who founded psychoanalysis?

Answer 14

Sigmund Freud.

Question 15

What is the unconscious?

Answer 15

Thoughts and feelings outside awareness.

Question 16

What is behaviorism?

Answer 16

Study of observable behavior (Watson, Skinner)

Question 17

What is reinforcement?

Answer 17

Increases likelihood of a behavior being repeated

Question 18

What is punishment?

Answer 18

Decreases likelihood of a behavior.

Question 19

What is humanistic psychology?

Answer 19

Emphasizes human potential and growth

Question 20

What is psychoanalytic theory?

Answer 20

Unconscious forces drive behavior (Freud)

Question 21

What is conditioning?

Answer 21

Learning associations between stimuli and responses

Question 22

What is the difference between positive and negative reinforcement?

Answer 22

Positive adds a reward; negative removes an unpleasant stimulus.

Question 23

What is voluntarism?

Answer 23

Willful decision-making in behavior (Wundt)

Question 24

Who developed the theory of evolution?

Answer 24

Charles Darwin

Question 25

Who measured the speed of nerve impulses?

Answer 25

Hermann von Helmholtz.

Question 26

What is psychophysics?

Answer 26

Study of relationships between stimuli and perception (Müller, Fechner).

Question 27

What is a stimulus?

Answer 27

An environmental factor that triggers a response.

Question 28

What is a response?

Answer 28

A reaction to a stimulus

Question 29

What is the "tabula rasa" concept?

Answer 29

The mind is a blank slate at birth (John Locke).

Question 30

What is negative reinforcement?

Answer 30

Removal of an unpleasant stimulus to increase behavior.

Question 31

What are the main features of Gestalt psychology?

Answer 31

Inborn tendencies to perceive wholes, not parts.

Question 32

What is cognitive behaviorism?

Answer 32

Combines behaviorism with cognitive processes (Bandura).

Question 33

What did William James argue about consciousness?

Answer 33

It helps humans adapt and survive.

Question 34

What is consciousness?

Answer 34

Personal awareness of mental processes and behaviors.

Question 35

Who is Wilhelm Wundt?

Answer 35

Founder of experimental psychology and voluntarism.

Question 36

What is structuralism’s main method of study?

Answer 36

Introspection, or self-reflection on mental processes.

Question 37

What did Edward Titchener contribute to psychology?

Answer 37

Developed structuralism, focused on the basic elements of consciousness.

Question 38

What was William James' view on the mind?

Answer 38

Consciousness is a stream of ever-changing mental events (functionalism).

Question 39

What is the difference between structuralism and functionalism?

Answer 39

Structuralism focuses on the structure of the mind, functionalism on its purpose.

Question 40

What is the main idea of Gestalt psychology?

Answer 40

The whole is perceived, not just the sum of its parts.

Question 41

What is psychoanalytic theory’s focus?

Answer 41

Unconscious drives and childhood experiences shape behavior (Freud).

Question 42

What is behaviorism's key belief?

Answer 42

Psychology should study observable behaviors, not mental processes.

Question 43

What did John Watson believe about psychology?

Answer 43

Psychology should focus on observable behavior and conditioning.

Question 44

What was B.F. Skinner’s major contribution?

Answer 44

Expanded behaviorism to include reinforcement and punishment.

Question 45

What is positive reinforcement?

Answer 45

Adding a reward to increase a behavior.

Question 46

What did Sigmund Freud believe about childhood?

Answer 46

Childhood experiences shape unconscious and conscious behaviors.

Question 47

What is the blank slate theory (tabula rasa)?

Answer 47

The belief that humans are born without innate ideas (John Locke).

Question 48

What is classical conditioning?

Answer 48

Learning to associate a neutral stimulus with an automatic response (Pavlov).

Question 49

What did Freud believe about hysteria?

Answer 49

It was caused by unconscious memories and repressed trauma.

Question 50

What is dualism?

Answer 50

The idea that the mind and body are separate (Descartes).

Question 51

What did William James believe about emotions?

Answer 51

They are adaptive and help humans survive (functionalism).

Question 52

What is the main principle of Freud's psychoanalytic theory?

Answer 52

Behavior is driven by unconscious forces and childhood experiences.