Ch. 1

Question 1

Genetics

Answer 1

The study of traits and conditions that are encoded in building block sequences of DNA

Question 2

DNA

Answer 2

deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 3

23andMe

Answer 3

studies SNPs (single nucleotide population) + full genome mapping

Question 4

Genes

Answer 4

units of heredity, passed from one generation to the next + composed of DNA

Question 5

Genome

Answer 5

complete set of genetic information

Question 6

Cell

Answer 6

basic unit of life

Question 7

exome

Answer 7

part of the genome that encodes protein

DNA expressed, collection of exones

Question 8

Genomics

Answer 8

compares and analyzes the functions of genomes

Question 9

bioethics

Answer 9

addresses issues and controversies that arise in applying medical technology and using genetic info

Question 10

Genes

2% of Genomes

Answer 10

99.9% DNA identical genes
0.1% gene difference

Question 11

DNA Components

Answer 11

Phosphate, Sugar, Base (ACTG)

Question 12

Central Dogma

Answer 12

DNA (replication in nucleus)
transcription (nucleus)
RNA (single strand)
translation (cytoplasm)
protein (traits you show)

Question 13

From Gene to Protein

What happens in DNA replication?

Answer 13

double helix is formed from old one using free DNA bases + 2 daughter cells inherit identical copies of genome during cell division

Question 14

Transcription/ Gene Expression

Answer 14

copies DNA info into messenger RNA

Question 15

Translation

Answer 15

uses info in RNA to assemble amino acids to proteins (phenotype genes)

Question 16

Transcription factors

Answer 16

largest category of the human genome, enzyme that starts transcription, more transcription = more protein= more traits, located in different parts of body to specialize cell functions

Question 17

Human Genome

Coding and regulatory Regions

Answer 17

1-2% in genome, affect protein sequence

Question 18

Euchromatin

Answer 18

Lightly packed (not crowded), enriched in genes (of the 2% coding genome, 92% of human genome)

Question 19

Heterochromatin

Answer 19

tightly packed, enriched in repetitive, non-coding dna (in nuclear membrane)

Question 20

Nucleolus

Answer 20

Ribosome biogenesis (translation to RNA, need more ribosome when you need more protein for cells, Sphase: wrap DNA to chromatin)

Question 21

Mutation of Cystic Fibrosis

Answer 21

Mutation in CFTR gene, replacement of amino acid glycine with aspartic acid at a specific site, missense mutation

Question 22

What are SNP’s?

Answer 22

single nucleotide polymorphisms, 1% of population has a variant then there is SNP

Question 23

The entire sequence of an organism’s genetic material is its

Answer 23

genome

Question 24

A __ is a set of biochemical instructions that tell a cell how to manufacture a protein (or RNA molecule).

Answer 24

gene

Question 25

Human DNA sequences are grouped among structures called

Answer 25

chromosomes

Question 26

A variant form of a gene is called a(n)

Answer 26

allele

Question 27

The term __ refers to the underlying instructions for a trait, and the term ___ refers to the visible trait.

Answer 27

genotype; phenotype

Question 28

A ___ trait is a trait that is influenced by both genes and the environment.

Answer 28

complex trait

Question 29

An inherited trait that is influenced by only one gene is called a___ trait.

Answer 29

Mendelian

Question 30

What is the term that describes the DNA sequences for protein-encoding genes?

Answer 30

exome

Question 31

You are working in a lab and you treat cells with a drug that inhibits transcription. You wait an hour after treatment and compare the levels of various molecules in cells treated with the drug versus those that weren't treated. In the cells that were treated, you expect less/fewer:

Answer 31

RNA, proteins

Question 32

A child develops a genetic disease that affects neither of his parents. The allele causing this disease is most likely

Answer 32

recessive

Question 33

Do women or men live longer?

Answer 33

On average, women outlive men by about five years. 73.5 (M) vs. 79.3 (F)

Question 34

What are the top 3 leading causes of death in the U.S.?

Answer 34

heart disease, cancer, COVID-19