ch 1

Question 1

physiology

Answer 1

the study of the functions of an organism and its constituent parts

Question 2

anatomy

Answer 2

the study of body structure

Question 3

6 levels of organization

Answer 3

chemical
cellular
tissue
organ
system
organismal

Question 4

chemical level

Answer 4

includes atoms and molecules

Question 5

cellular level

Answer 5

cell are the smallest units capable of performing all life processes

Question 6

tissue

Answer 6

a group of similar cells that work together to perform a particular function

Question 7

4 basic types of tissues

Answer 7

epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous

Question 8

epithelial tissue

Answer 8

covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs and ducts, and forms glands

Question 9

connective tissue

Answer 9

supports and protects the body organs, stores energy reserves as fat, and helps provide the body with immunity to disease-causing agents

Question 10

muscle tissue

Answer 10

contracts to produce movement, maintain posture, and generate heat

Question 11

nervous tissue

Answer 11

detects and responds to changes in the body’s external or internal environment

Question 12

organ

Answer 12

a structure composed of two or more different types of tissues. it has a specific function and usually has a recognizable shape

Question 13

system

Answer 13

consists of related organs with a common function

Question 14

organism

Answer 14

any living individual

Question 15

emergent properties

Answer 15

properties that arise when multiple components of a system interact but are not present in the individual components themselves

Question 16

integration

Answer 16

the process by which several components work together for a common, unified purpose

Question 17

6 important life processes of the human body

Answer 17

metabolism
responsiveness
movement
growth
differentiation
reproduction

Question 18

catabolsim

Answer 18

the breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components

Question 19

anabolism

Answer 19

the formation of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components

Question 20

stem cell

Answer 20

precursor cells, which can divide and give rise to cells that undergo differentiation

Question 21

homeostasis

Answer 21

the maintenance of relatively stable conditions in the body’s internal environment

Question 22

dynamic

Answer 22

used to refer to homeostasis because each regulated parameter can change over a narrow range that is compatible with life

Question 23

steady state

Answer 23

used to refer to homeostasis because energy is needed to keep the regulated parameter at a relatively constant level

Question 24

equilibrium

Answer 24

conditions remain constant without the expenditure of energy

Question 25

body fluids

Answer 25

dilute, watery solutions containing dissolved chemicals that are found inside cells as well as surrounding them - make up about 55-60% of total body mass

Question 26

intracellular fluid

Answer 26

ICF the fluid within cells about 2/3 of body fluid

Question 27

extracellular fluid

Answer 27

ECF fluid outside body cells about 1/3 of body fluid

Question 28

two components of ECF

Answer 28

interstitial fluid plasma

Question 29

interstitial fluid

Answer 29

the fluid that fills the narrow spaces between cells

Question 30

plasma

Answer 30

the fluid potion of blood

Question 31

internal environment

Answer 31

extracellular fluid that surrounds the cells of the body

Question 32

external environment

Answer 32

the space that surrounds the entire body

Question 33

how nervous system regulates homeostasis

Answer 33

sends action potentials to organs that can counteract changes from the balanced state -> fast

Question 34

how the endocrine system regulates homeostasis

Answer 34

uses many glands, organs, and tissues that secrete messenger molecules called hormones into the blood -> slow

Question 35

feedback system/feedback loop

Answer 35

a cycle of events in which a parameter of the internal environment is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated, and so on

Question 36

controlled variable

Answer 36

each monitored parameter

Question 37

stimulus

Answer 37

any disruption that changes a controlled variable

Question 38

3 basic components of a feedback system

Answer 38

receptor control center effector

Question 39

receptor

Answer 39

a body structure that monitors changes in a controlled variable and send input to a control center

Question 40

control center

Answer 40

the body determines the narrow range of set point within which a controlled variable should be maintained, evaluates the input received from receptors, and generates output commands when they are needed

Question 41

effector

Answer 41

a body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled variable

Question 42

negative feedback system

Answer 42

reverses a change in a controlled variable

Question 43

positive feedback system

Answer 43

strengthens or reinforces a change in a controlled variable

Question 44

feedforward control

Answer 44

events occur in anticipation of a change in a controlled variable

Question 45

disorder

Answer 45

any abnormality of structure or function

Question 46

disease

Answer 46

a more specific term for an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms

Question 47

symptoms

Answer 47

subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer