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biol 235 > ch 1 > Flashcards

ch 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are baroreceptors?

A

Pressure-sensitive nerve cells located in the walls of certain blood vessels.

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2
Q

What is differentiation?

A

The development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state.

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3
Q

What are atoms?

A

The smallest unit of matter that participate in chemical reactions.

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4
Q

What is an organism?

A

All parts of the human body functioning together consist of the total organism.

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5
Q

What are the functions of the lymphatic system/immunity?

A
  • Returns proteins and fluid to blood
  • Carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood
  • Contains sites of maturation and proliferation of B cells and T cells that protect against disease-causing microbes
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6
Q

What are the reproductive system organs?

A

Gonads (testes & ovaries), uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands, epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, penis.

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7
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The sum of all chemical processes that occur in an organism.

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8
Q

What is responsiveness?

A

The body’s ability to detect and respond to changes.

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9
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

A
  • Supports and protects body
  • Provides surface area for muscle attachment
  • Aids body movements
  • Houses cells that produce blood cells
  • Stores minerals and lipids (fats)
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10
Q

What is diagnosis?

A

Science and skills of distinguishing one disorder or disease from another.

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11
Q

What are signs in a clinical context?

A

Objective changes that clinician can observe and measure (swelling, rash, fever, high blood pressure, paralysis).

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12
Q

What are symptoms?

A

Changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer (headache, nausea, anxiety).

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13
Q

What does prone mean?

A

Lying face down.

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14
Q

What is ipsilateral?

A

On the same side of the body as another structure.

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15
Q

What is catabolism?

A

The breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components.

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16
Q

What is the anatomical position?

A

To stand erect with arms at the sides and palms of the hands turned forward.

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17
Q

What is the chemical level of organization?

A

Basic level of organization consisting of atoms and molecules.

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18
Q

What are the endocrine system organs?

A

Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal gland, and thymus.

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19
Q

What is intracellular fluid (ICF)?

A

Fluid within cells.

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20
Q

What are molecules?

A

Two or more atoms joined together.

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21
Q

What is an autopsy/necropsy?

A

Postmortem examination of the body and dissection of its internal organs to confirm or determine the cause of death.

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22
Q

What is a receptor?

A

Body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control center.

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23
Q

What is anabolism?

A

The build up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components.

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24
Q

What is a control center?

A

Sets the range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained, evaluates the input it receives from receptors, and generates output commands when they are needed.

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25
What are the six basic life processes?
Metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, reproduction.
26
What is a nerve impulse?
Signals sent to organs that can counteract changes from the balanced state. Fast to change.
27
What is a stimulus?
Disruption that changes a controlled condition.
28
What is disease?
Specific term for an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms.
29
What is interstitial fluid?
The ECF that fills the narrow spaces between cells of tissues.
30
What are the functions of the urinary system?
- Produces, stores, and eliminates urine - Eliminates wastes and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood - Helps maintain the acid-base balance of body fluids - Maintains body's mineral balance - Helps regulate production of red blood cells
31
What is lymph?
ECF within lymphatic vessels.
32
What is blood plasma?
ECF within blood vessels.
33
What are the functions of the nervous system?
- Generates action potentials to regulate body activities - Detects changes in body environment - Interprets changes - Responds to change by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions.
34
What is anatomy?
The science of body structures and the relationships among them.
35
What are the functions of the digestive system?
- Achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food - Absorbs nutrients - Eliminates solid wastes.
36
What are the levels of structural organization?
Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organismal level.
37
What is a negative feedback system?
Reverses a change in a controlled condition.
38
What are the skeletal system organs?
Bones, joints, cartilage.
39
What is a controlled condition?
A monitored body variable.
40
What are the functions of the muscular system?
- Participates in movement - Maintains posture - Produces heat.
41
What are the functions of the reproductive system?
- Gonads produce gametes (sperm or oocytes) that unite to form a new organism and release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes - Associated organs transport and store gametes - Mammary glands produce milk.
42
What are the muscular system organs?
Skeletal muscles.
43
What are the functions of the endocrine system?
Regulates body activities by releasing hormones.
44
What are tissues?
Groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function.
45
Endocrine System Functions
Regulates body activities by releasing hormones
46
Tissues
Groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function
47
System
Related organs with a common function
48
Cardiovascular System Functions
Heart pumps blood through blood vessels. Blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells, and helps regulate acidity, temperature, and water content of body fluids. Blood components help defend against disease and mend damaged blood vessels.
49
Movement
Motion of the entire body
50
Contralateral
On the opposite side of the body from another structure
51
Physiology
The science of body functions, how the body parts work
52
Respiratory System Organs (5)
Lungs, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes
53
Organs
Structures composed of two or more different types of tissues
54
Aqueous Humor (Vitreous Body)
ECF within the eye
55
Body Fluids
Dilute, watery solutions containing dissolved chemicals that are found inside cells as well as surrounding them
56
Cellular Level of Organization
Molecules combine to form cells. Atoms form molecules.
57
Input
Nerve impulse or chemical signal
58
Stem Cell
Cells before specialization
59
Hormones
Messenger molecules secreted by glands into the blood. Slow to change.
60
Supine
Lying face up
61
Respiratory System Functions
Transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air. Helps regulate acid-base balance of body fluids. Air flowing out of lungs through vocal cords produces sounds.
62
Lymphatic System/Immunity Organs (7)
Lymphatic fluid, vessels, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils, cells that carry immune response
63
Digestive System Organs (11)
Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small & large intestine, anus, salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, pancreas
64
Positive Feedback System
Strengthen or reinforce a change in one of the body's controlled conditions
65
Growth
Increase in body size that results from an increase in the size and/or number of cells, or material between cells
66
Cells
Smallest living unit in the human body, composed of chemicals
67
Effector
Body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition
68
Urinary System Organs (4)
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
69
Integumentary System Organs (5)
Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, oil glands
70
Reproduction
1) Formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement 2) The production of a new individual
71
Organ Level of Organization
Different types of tissues are joined together
72
Receptor
Body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control center
73
Dissection
The careful cutting apart of body structures to study their relationships
74
System Level of Organization
AKA organ-system level
75
Extracellular Fluid (ECF)
Fluid outside body cells
76
Synovial Fluid
ECF in joints
77
Nervous System Organs (5)
Brain, spinal cord, nerves, eyes, ears
78
Tissue Level of Organization
Tissues
79
Homeostasis Feedback System
A cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated, and so on.
80
Integumentary System Functions
Protects body, eliminates some waste, helps make vitamin D, provides insulation, helps regulate body temp, detects sensations, stores fat.
81
Cardiovascular System Organs (3)
Heart, blood, blood vessels
82
Response
Effect that changes the controlled condition
83
Disorder
Any abnormality of structure or function
84
Homeostasis
Conditions of equilibrium in the body's internal environment due to the constant interaction of the body's many regulatory processes
85
Cerebrospinal Fluid
ECF in and around the brain and spinal cord
86

biol 235 (2 decks)

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