Ch. 1, 2, 3 & 4

Question 1

is the science that studies behavior and the psychological and mental processes that underline it, and it is the profession that applies of the accumulated knowledge of this science to practical problems.

Answer 1

Psychology

Question 2

Is any overt (observable) response or activity by an organism.

Answer 2

Behavior

Question 3

Refers to the psychological process through which people manage or cope with the demands and challenges of everyday life.

Answer 3

Adjustment

Question 4

Is the premise that knowledge should be acquired through observation

Answer 4

Empiricism

Question 5

Is the branch of psychology concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and disorders

Answer 5

Clinical psychology

Question 6

Is a research method in which the investigator manipulates one (independent) variable under carefully controlled conditions and observes whether any changes occur in a second (dependent) variable as a result

Answer 6

Experiment

Question 7

Is a condition or event that an experimenter varies in order to see its impact on another variable

Answer 7

Independent variable

Question 8

Is the variable that is thought to be affected by the manipulations of the independent variable

Answer 8

Dependent variable

Question 9

_____________ Consists of the subjects who receive some special treatment in regard to the independent variable.

Answer 9

experimental group

Question 10

______________ consists of similar subjects who do not receive the special treatment given to the experimental group

Answer 10

The control group

Question 11

Exists when two variables are related to each other

Answer 11

Correlation

Question 12

A numerical index of the degree of relationship that exists between two variables

Answer 12

Correlation coefficient

Question 13

refers to how participants are allocated to the different conditions (or IV groups) in an experiment

Answer 13

Experimental design

Question 14

The entire group of people or objects to which the researcher wishes to generalize the study findings

Answer 14

Population

Question 15

the selected elements (people or objects) chosen for participation in a study; people are referred to as subjects or participants from a the general population

Answer 15

Sample

Question 16

The more we’ve got, the more we achieve, the less we feel satisfied and successful. is an approach that aims to advance the general field of psychology and treatment. Choice overload undermines individuals happiness

Answer 16

Paradox Psychology

Question 17

An experiment is a research method in which the investigator manipulates the _____ variable and observed weather changes occur in a ______ variable as a result

Answer 17

Independent, dependent

Question 18

People don’t know that they are in a _____

Answer 18

Blind Study

Question 19

The researcher doesn’t know when they are in a study

Answer 19

Double-blind study

Question 20

Answer 20

The scientific approach

Question 21

Messed with your results

Answer 21

Confoud

Question 22

1. hypothesis
2. collect data
3. statistical analysis
4. Repeat

Answer 22

Scientific approach

Question 23

Two kinds of relationships can be described by a correlation. A positive correlation indicates that two variables co-very in the same direction. This means that high score on variable x are associated with high scores on viable y and that low scores on variable X are associated with low scores on variable y.

Answer 23

**Correlation research

Question 24

Is a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke response that was originally evoked by another stimulus

Answer 24

**Classical conditioning

Question 25

Example: Suppose Adam has a psychology class with Professor Smith, who is determined to teach him about classical conditioning. In the first class, Professor Smith whips out a revolver and shoots it into the air. The revolver is loaded with blanks, but when Adam hears the loud bang, he cringes out of surprise. Professor Smith repeats this action several times during the class. By the end of the hour, Adam cringes as soon as she whips out the revolver, expecting a bang. He cringes even if she doesn’t shoot. In this scenario, the unconditioned stimulus is the bang, the unconditioned response is cringing, the conditioned stimulus is the revolver, and the conditioned response is cringing.

Answer 25

\*\*Classical conditioning

Question 26

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ strategies occur when the person modifies the way they think, for example: employing denial, or distancing oneself from the problem. People may alter the way they think about a problem by altering their goals and values, such as by seeing the humor in a situation.

Answer 26

\*\*Appraisal-focused

Question 27

Detecting and distributing negative self talk. Rational thinking Using positive reinterpretation Finding humor in the situation Turning to religion

Answer 27

\*\* appraisal-focused strategies

Question 28

Is a model of the bodies stress response, consisting of three stages. Alarm Resistance Exhaustion.

Answer 28

\*\*The General adaptation syndrome (GAS)

Question 29

Alarm Stage - provides a burst of energy. (walking in the night and a cat jumping in front of you and scaring you) Resistance Stage - the body attempts to resist or adapt to the stressor. (after the cat jumped out and scared you, you stay alert and try to adapt to the situation) Exhaustion Stage - energy is depleted. (after your body has tried to adapt to the high levels of aderline to stay alert, if you continue over a certain period then you may collapse from exhaustion)

Answer 29

\*\*\*G.A.S General adaptation syndrome

Question 30

O.C.E.A.N | (5 personalilty traits)

Answer 30

Openness to experience Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness

Question 31

Openness to experience Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness

Answer 31

O.C.E.A.N | (5 personalilty traits)

Question 32

is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior. For example, when a lab rat presses a blue button, he receives a food pellet as a reward, but when he presses the red button he receives a mild electric shock.

Answer 32

Operant Conditioning

Question 33

is any event that strengthens or increases the behavior it follows. There are two kinds of reinforcers:

Answer 33

Reinforcement

Question 34

are favorable events or outcomes that are presented after the behavior. In situations that reflect positive reinforcement, a response or behavior is strengthened by the addition of something, such as praise or a direct reward.

Answer 34

Positive reinforcers

Question 35

involve the removal of an unfavorable events or outcomes after the display of a behavior. In these situations, a response is strengthened by the removal of something considered unpleasant.

Answer 35

Negative reinforcers

Question 36

You can do it

Answer 36

Self efficacy

Question 37

refers to an individual's belief in his or her capacity to execute behaviors necessary to produce specific performance attainments

Answer 37

Self-efficacy

Question 38

\_\_\_\_- air, food, drink, shelter, warmth, sex, sleep. \_\_\_\_- protection from elements, security, order, law, stability, freedom from fear. \_\_\_\_\_\_- friendship, intimacy, affection and love, - from work group, family, friends, romantic relationships. \_\_\_\_\_- achievement, mastery, independence, status, dominance, prestige, self-respect, respect from others. \_\_\_\_\_\_- realizing personal potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal growth and peak experiences.

Answer 38

1. Biological and Physiological needs 2. Safety needs 3. Love and belongingness needs 4. Esteem needs 5. Self-Actualization needs

Question 39

Answer 39

Hierarchy of needs five-stage model

Question 40

Answer 40

1. Superego \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 2. Ego 3. ID

Question 41

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_is the most basic part of the personality, and wants instant gratification for our wants and needs. If these needs or wants are not met, a person becomes tense or anxious. \_\_\_\_\_\_deals with reality, trying to meet the desires of the id in a way that is socially acceptable in the world. This may mean delaying gratification, and helping to get rid of the tension the id feels if a desire is not met right away. The ego recognizes that other people have needs and wants too, and that being selfish is not always good for us in the long run. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_develops last, and is based on morals and judgments about right and wrong. Even though the superego and the ego may reach the same decision about something, the superego’s reason for that decision is more based on moral values, while the ego’s decision is based more on what others will think or what the consequences of an action could be.

Answer 41

1. The id 2. The ego 3. The superego

Question 42

Some people do not seem to be able to leave one stage and proceed on to the next. One reason for this may be that the needs of the developing individual at any particular stage may not have been adequately met in which case there is frustration. Or possibly the person's needs may have been so well satisfied that he/she is reluctant to leave the psychological benefits of a particular stage in which there is overindulgence. Both frustration and overindulgence (or any combination of the two) may lead to what psychoanalysts call fixation at a particular psychosexual stage. Fixation refers to the theoretical notion that a portion of the individual's libido has been permanently 'invested' in a particular stage of his development. It is assumed that some libido is permanently invested in each psychosexual stage and thus each person will behave in some ways that are characteristic of infancy, or early childhood.

Answer 42

Frustration, Overindulgence and Fixation

Question 43

One reason for this may be that the needs of the developing individual at any particular stage may not have been adequately met in which case there is \_\_\_\_\_ Or possibly the person's needs may have been so well satisfied that he/she is reluctant to leave the psychological benefits of a particular stage in which there is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_refers to the theoretical notion that a portion of the individual's libido has been permanently 'invested' in a particular stage of his development.

Answer 43

1. frustration 2. Overindulgence 3. Fixation

Question 44

7 major sources of stress

Answer 44

1. Acute stressors (short lasting) 2. Chronic stressors (no clear end point) 3. anticipatory stressors (upcoming) 4. frustration (blocked from goal) 5. internal conflict (debate with yourself) 6. Life changes (moving) 7. pressure (preform or conform)

Question 45

1. Acute stressors (short lasting) 2. Chronic stressors (no clear end point) 3. anticipatory stressors (upcoming) 4. frustration (blocked from goal) 5. internal conflict (debate with yourself) 6. Life changes (moving) 7. pressure (preform or conform)

Answer 45

7 major sources of stress

Question 46

Approach = approach (Choice must be made between two attractive goals) avoidance = avoidance (A choice must be made between two unattractive goals) approach = avoidance (A choice must be made about whether to pursue a single goal that has both attractive and unattracted aspects)

Answer 46

5. internal conflict (debate with yourself)