CH 1, 2, 3

Question 1

homeostasis vs steady state

Answer 1

both are dynamic equilibrium. Homeostasis is general, steady state is only at times other than at rest

Question 2

Resting energy expenditure

Answer 2

approx 5kcal/L O2 consumed

Question 3

2 other names for resting O2 consumption

Answer 3

basal Metabolic Rate

1 Metabolic Equivalent [1 Met]

Question 4

Most ATP is required to do what during rest?

Answer 4

maintain osmotic pressure in cells

Question 5

explain the anti port system of a cell

Answer 5

2 K+ get pushed into cell
3 Na+ get pushed out of cell
-Na+ takes 1 H2O molecule along
ATP is used, turned into ADP and Pi

Question 6

What percentage of O2 consumed is used to continually re-synthesize ATP to power the anti port system of the cell during rest?

Answer 6

70-75%

Question 7

Why can trained individuals make the transition to “steady state” exercise more quickly than untrained individuals?

Answer 7

Trained bodies are better able to handle the stresses of exercise than untrained individuals.

Question 8

VO2 at rest is?

Answer 8

approx .350L/min

Question 9

3 ways to re-synthesize ATP, and times associated

Answer 9

immediate: 10-30 sec
non-oxidative: 30sec-1.5 mins
oxidative: 1.5min-until resources are expended

Question 10

Another name for “Immediate” ATP re-synthesis. Occurs in what space?

Answer 10

ATP / PC system

cytoplasm

Question 11

Another name for “Non-oxidative” ATP re-synthesis. Occurs in what space?

Answer 11

glycolysis / “fast glycolysis”

cytoplasm

Question 12

Another name for “Oxidative” ATP re-synthesis. Occurs in what space?

Answer 12

oxidative phosphorylation / “slow glycolysis”

Mitochondria

Question 13

Sources of energy for “Immediate” APT re-synthesis

Answer 13

ATP and PC (phosphocreatine)

Question 14

Sources of energy for “non-oxidative” APT re-synthesis

Answer 14

glucose

Question 15

Sources of energy for “oxidative” APT re-synthesis

Answer 15

carbs, proteins, and fats that undergo mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation

Question 16

What is Acetyl CoA?

Answer 16

final common pathway for entry into the Krebs Cycle

Question 17

What are enzymes

Answer 17

catalyses that regulate the speed of reactions

Question 18

What factors regulate enzyme activity?

Answer 18

Temp and pH

Question 19

Active sites of metabolic enzymes are LESS exposed and available for substrate binding when cellular energy is … ?

Answer 19

high

ATP high, ADP low

Question 20

Active sites of metabolic enzymes are MORE exposed and available for substrate binding when cellular energy is … ?

Answer 20

low

ATP low, ADP high

Question 21

What is cellular respiration?

Answer 21

the process whereby cells transfer energy from food to ATP

Question 22

Why is it called “respiration?”

Answer 22

O2 is heavily relied upon, and CO2 is exhaled

Question 23

Can brain cells produce energy anaerobically?

Answer 23

NO

Question 24

Can heart cells produce energy anaerobically?

Answer 24

Minimal capacity

Question 25

Can skeletal muscle cells produce energy anaerobically?

Answer 25

YES, depending on the demands, they can produce energy via both methods

Question 26

NAD + 2H+ ->

Answer 26

NADH + H+

Question 27

FAD + 2H+ ->

Answer 27

FADH2

Question 28

Reduced forms of e- transporters

Answer 28

Glucose, NADH, Lactate

Question 29

Oxidized forms of e- transporters

Answer 29

Pyruvate, NAD+

Question 30

glucose generates how many kcal?

Answer 30

approx 4 kcal

Question 31

fat generates how many kcal?

Answer 31

approx 9 kcal

Question 32

protein generates how many kcal?

Answer 32

approx 4 kcal

Question 33

how many kcal per mole of ATP?

Answer 33

approx 7.6 kcal

Question 34

how many kcal is expended for each L of O2?

Answer 34

approx 5 kcal

Question 35

ATP breakdown in the cytoplasm is what?

Answer 35

immediate source of energy

Question 36

what happens when ATPase acts on ATP?

Answer 36

the last phosphate group splits away, releasing 7.6 kcal / mole of ATP

Question 37

in addition to ATP, cells have another high-energy phosphate molecule called....

Answer 37

phosphocreatine (PCr/PC/CP)

Question 38

What does PC do?

Answer 38

produces energy which can then be used to re-synthesize ATP

Question 39

What enzyme facilitates the reaction of the ATP/PC system?

Answer 39

creatine kinase (CK)

Question 40

What would stimulate CK activity?

Answer 40

high ADP (short term, high intensity workouts)