Ch 1 Flashcards
(105 cards)
1
Q
Why is sex is one of the first categories learned by children (3)?
A
1- sex has only two categories
2- the categories are mutually exclusive
3- we are immediately exposed to members of both categories
2
Q
What is one of the first things the average person notices about a child or an adult?
A
their gender
3
Q
What is one of the first things the average person tries to determine about an infant?
A
their gender
4
Q
A person’s gender has implications for our ___, our ___, and our ___ toward the person.
A
feelings, beliefs, behavior
5
Q
Why are our anecdotal observations be biased in favor of sex differences incorrect?
A
differences do not really exist
6
Q
The appearance of sex differences depends on what myriad factors (5)?
A
- place
- time
- person
- audience
- characteristics of the one making the observation
7
Q
Gender has implications on our ___ and our ___.
A
relationships; health
8
Q
___ refers to the biological categories of female and male, categories distinguished by genes, chromosomes, and hormones. Culture has no influence on one’s ___.
A
Sex; sex
9
Q
___ refers to the social categories of male and female. These categories are distinguished from one another by a set of psychological features and role attributes that society has assigned to the biological category of ___.
A
Gender; sex
10
Q
What are some of the psychological features we assign to sex in the United States?
A
Emotionality is a trait we ascribe to women, and competitiveness is a trait we ascribe to men.
11
Q
Emotionality in women and aggressiveness in men are traits of (gender/sex).
A
gender
12
Q
sex-related behavior
A
implies the behavior corresponds to sex, but it does not say anything about the cause or the etiology of the difference.
13
Q
role
A
a social position accompanied by a set of norms or expectations
14
Q
gender role
A
society’s influence on the biologically based categories of female and male; the expectations that go along with being male versus female
15
Q
We expect men to be ___ and we expect women to be ___.
A
masculine; feminine
16
Q
Masculinity includes the ___, ___, and ___ that society has assigned to the male gender role. Femininity includes the ___, ___, and ___ assigned to the female gender role.
A
traits, behaviors, interests; traits, behaviors, interests
17
Q
A masculine trait is ___-___; a masculine behavior is ___; and a masculine interest is ___ ___.
A
self-confidence; aggression; watching sports
18
Q
A feminine trait is ___; a feminine behavior is ___ ___; and a feminine interest is ___.
A
emotional; helping someone; cooking
19
Q
Androgynous
A
Term describing one who incorporates both masculine and feminine qualities
20
Q
bisexuals
A
Individuals who accept other- sex and same-sex individuals as sexual partners
21
Q
constructionists
A
argue that it is fruitless to study gender; People with the perspective that gender cannot be divorced from its context
22
Q
Cross-sex-typed
A
Condition of possessing the biological traits of one sex but exhibiting the psychological traits that correspond with the other sex.
23
Q
Feminine
A
Description of trait, behavior, or interest assigned to the female gender role.
24
Q
Feminism
A
Belief that men and women should be treated equally.
25
Gender
Term used to refer to the social categories of male and female.
26
Gender culture
Each society’s or culture’s conceptualization of gender roles; society’s understanding of what is possible, proper, and perverse in gender-linked behavior
27
Gender identity/gender-role identity
Gender identity/gender-role identity—One’s perception of oneself as psychologically male or female.
28
Gender role
Expectations that go along with being male or female.
29
Gender-role attitude
One’s personal view about how men and women should behave
30
Heterosexuals
Individuals who prefer other-sex sexual partners
31
Homosexuals
Individuals who prefer same-sex sexual partners
32
Interrole conflict
Experience of conflict between expectations of two or more roles that are assumed simultaneously
33
Intersex
A person who is born with ambiguous genitalia
34
Intrarole conflict
Experience of conflict between expectations within a given role
35
Masculine
Description of a trait, behavior, or interest assigned to the male gender role
36
Maximalists
Persons who maintain there are important differences between the two sexes
37
Minimalists
Persons who maintain the two sexes are fundamentally the same
38
Role
Social position accompanied by a set of norms or expectations
39
Sex
Term used to refer to the biological categories of male and female
40
Sex discrimination
Behavioral component of one’s attitude toward men and women that involves differential treatment of people based on their biological sex
41
Sexism
Affective component of one’s attitude toward sex characterized by demonstration of prejudice toward people based on their sex
42
Sex-related behavior
Behavior that corresponds to sex but is not necessarily caused by sex
43
Sex stereotype/gender-role stereotype
Cognitive component of one’s attitude toward sex
44
Sex-typed
Condition of possessing the biological traits of one sex and exhibiting the psychological traits that correspond with that sex
45
Sex typing (gender typing)
Acquisition of sex-appropriate preferences, behaviors, skills, and self- concept (i.e., the acquisition of gender roles)
46
Sexual orientation
Preference to have other- sex or same-sex persons as partners for love, affection, and sex
47
Transgender
Descriptive term referring to an individual whose psychological sex is not congruent with biological sex
48
Transsexuals
Persons whose biological sex have been changed surgically to reflect their psychological sex
49
Give an example of intrarole conflict.
- Should a woman who is unhappy with her marriage express those feelings to her husband? If she expresses her feelings, she is adhering to the expectancy that she express emotion, but she is contradicting the expectancy that she not hurt someone’s feelings.
- What should a man do if he can’t figure out how to put something together by himself? If he asks for help, he will further his achievement goal but at the expense of another goal: appearing independent.
50
Just because a given role has a set of guidelines does not mean those guidelines might not ___ with one another from time to time.
conflict
51
What is a central feature of the male gender role?
to not appear feminine
52
If you believe that both women and men should be assertive and caring and that both should be equally responsible for working inside and outside the home, you have a(n) ___ gender-role attitude
egalitarian
53
If you believe women should be caring, be nurturant, and have primary responsibility for raising children, whereas men should be independent, be assertive, and have primary responsibility for earning money, you have a(n) ___ gender-role attitude.
traditional
54
transitional gender-role attitude
fits somewhere between traditional and egalitarian gender-role attitudes; You may believe that both men and women should participate in work inside the home and outside the home, but that women should give the home their primary attention and men should give work their primary attention. This person is striving for an egalitarian philosophy, but some residual traditional gender-role attitudes remain.
55
Most people have a(n) ___ gender-role attitude.
transitional
56
What are the three components of an attitude?
affect (feeling), cognition, behavior
57
___ often includes the belief that society needs to make changes for equality to occur and can include the driving force to take action to make these changes.
Feminism
58
denial of disadvantage
the idea that most women perceive that other women suffer from discrimination but that they have not been victims of discrimination
59
What are the 2 central features of feminism?
gender equality and activism
60
(Sex/ Gender) refers to the biological category; (sex/ gender) the psychological category.
Sex; gender
61
(Intrarole/ Interrole) conflict is conflict between expectations within a role; (intrarole/ interrole) conflict is conflict between expectations of different roles.
Intrarole; interrole
62
Attitudes toward sex can be divided into the ___ component (sexism), the ___ component (gender- role stereotype), and the ___ component (discrimination).
affective; cognitive; behavioral
63
Attitudes toward sex can be divided into the affective component (___), the cognitive component (gender- role stereotype), and the behavioral component (___).
sexism; gender- role stereotype; discrimination
64
Berdache
One of four genders among the Lakota. The male Berdache is biologically male but takes on characteristics of both women and men in appearance and manner. These are men who prefer not to be warriors but to take care of children and make clothing. The Berdache was believed to be endowed with spiritual powers and had the highest status among the genders.
65
The (male/ female) Berdache is more common.
male
66
muxe
Third gender in Juchitan, Mexico; biological males who dress like females and take on women’s roles in the community; bring economic prosperity and high status to a family; make more money than males or females
67
What do Moroccans believe about the two 2 sexes?
the two sexes complement one another
68
How are women able to hunt in Agta Negrito society (2 reasons)?
- physical; Agta terrain; Women can hunt close to home
- social; Other people help with child care. Women hunters either take nursing infants with them or leave toddlers at home
69
What does the structure of Agta Negrito culture mean for males and females in general (2)?
- there is no biological reason that women cannot hunt
| - the division of labor between the two sexes is not carved in stone
70
Tahiti is an example of a truly ___ society.
androgynous
71
In the US, respondents to a Gallup Poll show a preference for (male/ female) children.
male
72
Other evidence that males are more highly regarded than females comes from the effect of a child’s sex on the ___ of the ___.
structure; family
73
The ___ group in a society has rights and privileges not available to the ___ group.
dominant; subordinate
74
Not all cultures have only two genders. Third genders are (connected to/ separate from) male and female, can be afforded high status, and are not tied to ___— despite Westerners’ beliefs to the contrary.
separate from; homosexuality
75
Throughout the world, (men/ women) have a higher status than (men/ women), but the status differential varies by country.
men; women
76
What are 3 indicators of the favorability of men over women?
- sex-selective abortion in China
- number of women in powerful positions in industry
- education of women
77
Has gender equality been achieved in the Western world?
no
78
What are the 2 viewpoints of scientists on the study of sex differences?
- there are important differences between the sexes
| - the two sexes are fundamentally the same
79
People who believe the two sexes are fundamentally the same are known as the ___.
minimalists
80
The ___ believe there are fundamental differences between men and women. However, they argue that “difference” does not mean “___.”
maximalists; deficit
81
Some maximalists point out that women’s views of the world and ways of relating to the world are ___ from but not ___ to those of men.
different; inferior
82
Women’s movements first emerged in the __#__ in the US. It reemerged in the __#__.
1800s; 1960s
83
How was the 1800s women's movement different from the 1960s women's movement?
1800s - believed men and women were fundamentally different; did not seek to equalize the roles of men and women; greater respect for their domestic role; concerned with abolition, temperance, child labor laws
1960s - concerned with their subordinate position in society and sought to establish equal rights for women
84
What is the timeline of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)?
Proposed in 1923; passed by Congress in 1972, but fell 3 states short of ratification; reintroduced in 2009
85
United Nations’ Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW)
international treaty that would ensure human rights for women around the world
86
Which industrialized country has not ratified CEDAW?
US
87
Which country has the largest women's movement?
US
88
National Organization for Men Against Sexism (NOMAS)
men’s movement that endorses the women’s movement and shares some of the concerns the women’s movement raised about the harmful aspects of the male gender role; supports changing the traditional male role to reduce competitiveness, homophobia, and emotional inhibition; feminists, want to end patriarchy, and embrace heterosexual, homosexual, and transgendered individuals
89
What are the mythopoetic movement and the Promise Keepers?
benevolent sexism; movements view men and women as fundamentally different. Both encourage men to rediscover their masculinity and to reject what they have referred to as “the feminization of men.” The movements are referred to as promasculinist
90
mythopoetic movement
the modernization of society has stripped men of the rituals of tribal society that bound men together. The movement involves rituals, ceremonies, and retreats, with the goal of reconnecting men with one another
91
The Promise Keepers
Christian fundamentalist movement; The Bible is used to justify the differences between women and men and the natural state of men’s superior position over women. The traditional nuclear family is endorsed; homosexuality and homosexual households are rejected; “become warriors who honor women”
92
Another indication of men’s status in our culture is the use of...
the generic 'he' to imply both women and men.
93
There is now clear evidence that the use of masculine generics leads both speakers and listeners to visualize (male/ female) names, (male/ female) persons, and more (masculine/ feminine) images.
male; male; masculine
94
What do different team names like Panthers and Lady Panthers implicate?
male is the standard
95
Grammatical gender (increases/ decreases) one’s awareness and attention to differences between women and men.
increases
96
The ___ believe that men and women are essentially the same, that differences are small, and that those that do exist are likely to be due to social forces.
minimalists
97
The ___ believe that women and men are fundamentally different in important ways, but that “different” does not mean that one is better than the other.
maximalists
98
According to social constructionists, why can't science be applied to gender?
gender is not a static quality of a person but is a product of society. As the context changes, so does gender.
99
What do today's women's movements have in common?
concern with improving the position of women in society and ensuring equal opportunities for women and men
100
What are the two types of men's movements?
some endorsing feminist positions and others advocating a return to traditional male and female roles
101
What does research show about sexist language, like the generic he to imply men and women?
activates male images and is not perceived as gender neutral
102
What are the 3 approaches to the study of sex?
1- sex is used as a subject variable; represented in the studies of sex comparisons; sex is an attribute of a person
2- study the psychological differences between women and men: femininity and masculinity; how gender roles influence people’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
3- sex is examined as a stimulus or target variable; how people respond to the categories of female and male
103
What is the most traditional approach to the study of sex?
sex is an attribute of a person, used as a subject variable
104
Which approach to the study of sex is the only one where sex can be randomly assigned?
sex is examined as a stimulus; how people respond to the categories of female and male
105
Relationships contribute to the quality of our ___ as well as to our ___ and ___ health.
life; mental; physical
