Ch. 1-3, 6

Question 1

What is Biology

Answer 1

the science of life ( the study of living things)

Question 2

What constant source of energy makes living systems complex

Answer 2

the Sun

Question 2

All of life functions because of

Answer 2

the principles of chemistry and physics

Question 3

What are the characteristics of all living organisms

Answer 3

Cellular organization
Ordered complexity
Sensitivity to environment
Growth, development, and reproduction
Energy utilization
Homeostasis
Evolutionary adaptation

Question 4

What is Cellular organization in organisms

Answer 4

all living organisms consist of one or more very tiny cells that carry out basic activities of living, and is bounded by a membrane that separates it from its surroundings

Question 4

What is Ordered complexity in organisms

Answer 4

all living things are both complex and highly ordered. The body being composed of many different kinds of cells each containing many complex molecular structures.

Question 4

What is Sensitivity in organisms

Answer 4

all organisms respond to stimuli
ex: plant grows toward a source of light and the pupils of your eyes dilate when you walk into a dark room

Question 5

What is Growth, Development, and Reproduction in organisms

Answer 5

all organisms are capable of growing and reproducing ad they all posses hereditary molecules that are passed to their offspring ensuring that the offspring are of the same species

Question 6

What is Energy Utilization in organisms

Answer 6

all organisms take in energy and use it to perform many kinds of work.
ex: every muscle in your body is powered with energy you obtain from your diet

Question 6

What is Homeostasis in organisms

Answer 6

al organisms maintain relatively constant internal conditions that are different from their environment
ex: your body temperature remains stable despite change in outside temperatures

Question 7

What is Evolutionary Adaptation in organisms

Answer 7

all organisms interact with other organisms and the nonliving environment in ways that influence their survival and as a consequence organisms evolve to their environment

Question 8

What is the hierarchy of the cellular level

Answer 8

atoms, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell

Question 9

What is the hierarchy of the organismal level

Answer 9

tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Question 9

What is the hierarchy of the population level

Answer 9

population, species, community, ecosystem, biosphere

Question 10

What is the hierarchy of biological organization all together

Answer 10

atoms, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, species, community, ecosystem, biosphere

Question 11

What are emergent properties

Answer 11

the many interactions occurring at lower levels of the hierarchy that can produce novel properties

Question 12

Each level of organization has

Answer 12

emergent properties

Question 13

Life is an

Answer 13

emergent property

Question 14

Types of Scientific Inquiry

Answer 14

Discovery Science
Correlative Science
Experimental Science

Question 14

What is discovery science

Answer 14

new species, genome sequences (descriptive)

Question 14

What is correlative science

Answer 14

type pf study that tests for a relationship between a condition and a potential causal factor of the condition
correlation does not equal causation

Question 15

What is experimental Science

Answer 15

hypothesis driven, and carefully designed experiments

Question 16

What is a hypothesis

Answer 16

a possible explanation for an observation
can be tested through experiments

Question 17

What is a theory

Answer 17

explanation for some natural phenomenon often based on some general principle

Question 17

Life is subject to

Answer 17

chemical and physical laws

Question 18

Chemical properties such as

Answer 18

molecular bondig

Question 18

Physical properties such as

Answer 18

thermodynamics being key to determining factors of biological systems

Question 18

Core concepts in biology are

Answer 18

Evolution Structure and function Information flow, exchange, and storage Pathways and transformations of energy & matter Systems

Question 19

Evolution

Answer 19

the diversity of life evolved over time by processes of mutation, selection, and genetic change

Question 19

Structure and function

Answer 19

basic units of structure define the function of all living things

Question 20

Information flow, exchange, and storage

Answer 20

the growth and behavior pf organisms are activated through the expression of genetic information in context

Question 21

Pathways and transformations of energy & matter

Answer 21

biological systems grow and change by processes based upon chemical transformation pathways and are governed by the laws of thermodynamics

Question 21

Systems

Answer 21

living systems are interconnected and interacting

Question 22

What is matter

Answer 22

any substance in the universe that has mass and occupies space

Question 23

All matter is composed of

Answer 23

atoms

Question 24

What are atoms

Answer 24

the building blocks of matter and the smallest unit of an element that contains all the characteristics of that element

Question 25

What is the orbiting cloud of subatomic particles called

Answer 25

electrons

Question 25

Electrons are

Answer 25

negatively charged particles found in orbitals surrounding the nucleus

Question 26

At the center of each atom is a small dense nucleus formed by two other kinds of subatomic particles called

Answer 26

protons and neutrons

Question 27

Protons are

Answer 27

positively charged particles located in the nucleus

Question 28

Neutrons are

Answer 28

neutral particles located in the nucleus

Question 29

What is another word for dehydration reaction

Answer 29

Polymerization

Question 29

Something that binds to an active site to undergo a chemical reaction

Answer 29

substrate

Question 30

What reaction occurs when delta(triangle) G= -

Answer 30

exergonic- spontaneous products have less free energy than reactants

Question 31

Linking many molecules together creates what

Answer 31

polymer

Question 32

Where only an inhibitor can bind

Answer 32

allosteric site

Question 33

What reaction occurs when Delta (triangle) G= +

Answer 33

endergonic-not spontaneous products have more free energy than reactants

Question 34

How are most polymers formed or linked together

Answer 34

dehydration reaction

Question 35

Covalent bond that holds amino acids together

Answer 35

polypeptide bond

Question 35

Main purpose of glucose

Answer 35

energy storage

Question 36

Energy releasing from a reaction

Answer 36

exergonic

Question 37

Polymer of a protein

Answer 37

polypeptide chain

Question 38

Where a substrate or inhibitor binds

Answer 38

active site

Question 39

Main purpose of cellulose

Answer 39

structural support

Question 40

What is the linkage between two monosaccharides

Answer 40

glycosidic linkage

Question 41

What carb has a modified glucose

Answer 41

chitin

Question 42

Breaking down of a protein

Answer 42

denaturation

Question 43

Why is ATP full of energy

Answer 43

phosphate groups

Question 44

Monomer of a protein

Answer 44

amino acid

Question 45

Same carbon skeleton but groups are arranged differently

Answer 45

stereoisomer

Question 46

What is the formula for finding the molar ration of a carb

Answer 46

(CH2O)n

Question 47

Carbs are made out of what 3 elements

Answer 47

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Question 48

What is the ratio for a carb

Answer 48

1:2:1

Question 49

Different carbon skeleton

Answer 49

structural isomer

Question 50

The total energy in a molecule or the bonds

Answer 50

enthalpy

Question 51

Energy of movement

Answer 51

kinetic energy

Question 52

Protein that reduces activation energy

Answer 52

enzyme

Question 52

Why are carbs good for energy storage and structural support

Answer 52

covalent bonds

Question 52

Simplest form of carbohydrates

Answer 52

monosaccharides

Question 53

When breaking apart long polymer chains, what reaction is that called

Answer 53

hydrolysis

Question 54

Energy currency of all living things

Answer 54

ATP

Question 55

Protein structure that only has an amino acid sequence

Answer 55

primary

Question 56

S substance that binds to a enzyme to increase or decrease activity

Answer 56

inhibitor

Question 57

Reduces activation energy

Answer 57

catalysis

Question 58

Entropy is the measurement of

Answer 58

disorder

Question 59

Protein structure that only has hydrogen bonding

Answer 59

secondary

Question 60

What reaction is spontaneous

Answer 60

exergonic

Question 60

Stored energy

Answer 60

potential energy

Question 61

What determines function

Answer 61

structure

Question 62

Protein structure with more than one polypeptide chain

Answer 62

quaternary

Question 63

Protein structure with 3-D shape

Answer 63

tertiary

Question 64

How many monomers are in 1 disaccharide

Answer 64

2

Question 65

What is thermodynamics

Answer 65

the branch of chemistry concerned with energy changes

Question 66

What is energy

Answer 66

the capacity to do work ( or cause change or supply heat)

Question 67

Heat is the

Answer 67

most convenient way of measuring energy

Question 68

If an object has a low temperature

Answer 68

its molecules are moving slowly perceived cold

Question 68

If an object has a high temperature

Answer 68

its molecules are moving rapidly perceived as hot

Question 69

First law of thermodynamics states that

Answer 69

energy cannot be created or destroyed -energy can only change from one form to another -total amount of energy in the universe remains constant -during each conversion, some energy is lost as heat -energy available in the universe to do work decreases as more of it is progressively lost as heat

Question 70

Second law of thermodynamics states that

Answer 70

entropy (disorder) is continuously increasing -energy transformations proceed spontaneously to convert matter from a more ordered/less stale form to a less order/ more stable form -when the universe formed, it held all the potential energy it will ever have, has become progressively more disordered ever since

Question 71

Disorder happens

Answer 71

spontaneously

Question 72

Organization requires

Answer 72

energy

Question 73

More disorder=

Answer 73

higher entropy

Question 74

More order=

Answer 74

lower entropy

Question 75

Chemical equilibrium ( delta G=0)

Answer 75

forward and reverse reactions proceed at the same rate quantities of reactants and products remain constant

Question 76

Endergonic reactions

Answer 76

require energy or heat to proceed not spontaneous Delta G>0

Question 77

Exergonic reactions

Answer 77

release energy or heat are spontaneous Delta G<0

Question 78

Chemical reactions are spontaneous if

Answer 78

they proceed without any continuous external influence no added energy is needed

Question 79

Spontaneity of a reaction is determined by what two factors

Answer 79

the amount of potential energy: products have less potential energy than the reactants the degree of order: products are less ordered than the reactants

Question 80

G stands for

Answer 80

energy available to do work ( Gibbs free energy)

Question 81

G=

Answer 81

Delta H- T Delta S

Question 82

H=

Answer 82

enthalpy, total energy contained in a molecules chemical bond

Question 83

T=

Answer 83

absolute temperature (Kelvin)

Question 84

S=

Answer 84

entropy, unavailable energy

Question 85

Delta G= change in free energy

Answer 85

G products - G reactants