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BIOL 2401 > CH 1-3 > Flashcards

CH 1-3 Flashcards

A&P TEST 1

1
Q

the study of internal and external structures of the body

the physical relationships among body parts

A

anatomy

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2
Q

the study of function

how living organisms perform their vital functions

A

physiology

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3
Q 
Organism level
Organ System level
Organ level
Tissue level
Cellular level
Chemical level
A

hierarchical order in physiology

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4
Q

presence of a stable internal environment

A

homeostasis

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5
Q

sensitive to a particular environment change or stimulus

A

receptor or sensor

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6
Q

receives and processes the information supplied by the receptor

sends out commands

A

control or integration center

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7
Q

responds to these commands by opposing the stimulus

A

effector

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8
Q

occurs when receptor stimulation triggers a response that changes the environment at the receptor

A

feedback

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9
Q

an initial stimulus producing a response that exaggerates or enhances the change in the original conditions rather than opposing it

A

positive feedback

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10
Q

tends to minimize change keeping variation in key body systems within limits compatible with our long term survival

A

negative feedback

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11
Q

protons and neutrons

A

components of an atom

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12
Q

has a positive electrical charge

A

protons

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13
Q

electrically neutral

A

neutrons

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14
Q

has a negative electrical charge

A

electrons

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15
Q

an average of atomic masses and proportions of its different isotopes

A

atomic weight

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16
Q

number of protons in an atom

A

atomic number

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17
Q

total number of both protons and neutrons

A

mass number

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18
Q

atom has a net positive charge

A

cation

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19
Q

atom has a net negative charge

A

anion

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20
Q

a chemical structure consisting of atoms of 1 or more elements held together by covalent bonds

A

molecule

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21
Q

a chemical substance made up of atoms of 2 or more different elements in a fixed proportion

regardless of the type of bond joining them

A

compounds

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22
Q

interactions that stabilize the outer energy levels of atoms

hold the participating atoms together when the reaction has ended

A

chemical bonds

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23
Q

chemical bonds created by the electrical attraction between cations and anions

involves the transfer of 1 or more electrons from one atom to another to achieve stability

A

ionic bonds

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24
Q

sharing electrons with other atoms

A

covalent bonds

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25
weak attractive force that can change the shapes of molecules or pull adjacent molecules together
hydrogen bonds
26
energy of motion that can be transferred to another object and do work
kinetic energy
27
stored energy that has capability to do work
potential energy
28
opposite of decomposition assembles smaller molecules into large molecules
synthesis reaction
29
breaks a molecule into smaller fragments AB > A+B
decomposition reaction
30
one of the bonds in a complex molecule is broken and the components of a water molecule is added to the resulting fragments A-B + H2O > A-H +OH-B
hydrolysis reaction
31
condensation reaction forms a complex molecule by removing a water molecule
dehydration synthesis
32
enzymes compounds that speed up chemical reactions without themselves being permanently changed or consumed
catalysts
33
reactions that release energy
exergonic reaction
34
more energy is required to being the reaction than released as it proceeds
endergonic reaction
35
always contain the elements C H and O made up of long chains of carbon atoms linked by covalent bonds
organic compound
36
do not contain C and H as their primary structural ingredients
inorganic compound
37
promote chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy required
enzymes
38
single sugar carbohydrate containing 3 to 7 carbon atoms glucose
monosaccharides
39
2 monosaccharides joined together table sugar
disaccharides
40
large molecules of several mono or disaccharides joined together starches
polysaccharides
41
each C atom in the tail has 4 single covalent bonds
saturated fatty acid
42
1 or more of the single covalent bonds between C atoms has been replaced by a double covalent bond
unsaturated fatty acid
43
large organic molecules composed of C H O N and P primary role is to store and transfer information essential to cellular protein synthesis consists of 1 or 2 long chains of subunits formed by dehydration synthesis
nucleic acids
44
individual subunits of a nucleic acid
nucleotides
45
``` deoxyribonucleic acid deoxyribose AGCT double helix stores genetic information that controls protein synthesis ```
DNA
46
``` ribonucleic acid ribose AGCU single stranded performs protein synthesis as directed by DNA ```
RNA
47
adenine | guanine
purine
48
cytosine thymine uracil
pyrimidines
49
cells are the building blocks of all plants and animals all new cells come from the division of former cells cells are the smallest structural units that carry out all vital physiological functions
cell theory
50
extremely thin and very delicate a physical barrier that separates the inside of the cell from the extracellular fluid
composition of plasma membrane
51
part of the membrane structure and cannot be removed without damaging or destroying the membrane
integral membrane proteins
52
bound to the inner or outer surface of the membrane and are easily separated from it
peripheral membrane proteins
53
DNA triplets determine the sequence of mRNA codons mRNA codons determine the sequence of tRNAs sequence of tRNAs determines the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide or protein
mechanism of protein synthesis
54
ribosome in the cytoplasm
location of protein synthesis
55
renews or modifies the plasma membrane modifies and packages secretions such as hormones or enzymes for release outside the cell through exocytosis packages special enzymes within vesicles for use in the cytosol
functions of golgi apparatus
56
enzymes proteins DNA and nucleotides
contents of nucleus in the cell
57
produces 2 daughter cells each containing a complete set of 46 chromosomes
mitosis
58
produces sex cells containing only 23 chromosomes
meiosis
59
the division of the cytoplasm physically separating the 2 daughter cells
cytokinesis
60
the most abundant organic components of the human body are the most important components
protein structure
61
proteins consisting of long chains of organic molecules
amino acids
62
RNA production from a DNA template copy or rewrite all 3 types of RNA are formed through DNA transcription
transcription
63
protein synthesis takes place through this the formation of a linear chain of amino acids using the information from an mRNA strand
translation
64
requires ATP ATP provides the energy needed to move ions or molecules
active transport
65
does not require ATP
passive transport
66
causes osmotic flow into cell
hypotonic solution
67
causes osmotic flow out of cell
hypertonic solution
68
solution that does not cause osmotic flow across membrane
isotonic solution
69
illness that disrupts normal rates of cell division permanent DNA sequence mutations
cancer
70
released chemicals stimulate blood vessel growth to tumor area
angiogensis
71
anything that has mass and occupies space
matter
72
amount of material in matter
mass
73
smallest stable units of matter
atoms
74
protons neutrons electrons
subatomic particles
75
Isotopes of the same element have the same what but different what?
same protons | different neutrons
76
by weight what element is the most plentiful in the human body?
oxygen
77
the mass of an atom is largely determined by the number of what it has?
protons and neutrons
78
an example of a positive feedback mechanism would be what?
enhancement of labor contractions
79
nervous | what system responds fastest to environmental stimuli?
nervous
80
``` place in the correct sequence to simplest to most complex molecules atoms tissues cells organs ```
``` atoms molecules cells tissues organs ```
81
the cells that line the small intestine have microvilli which does what?
enhances the ability of the cells to absorb nutrients because of their increased surface area
82
what would best serve as an example of negative feedback control?
the hormone testosterone promotes the growth of facial hair
83
what is a function of a plasma membrane protein?
molecular transport through the membrane
84
Diffusion of a substance is influenced by what?
concentration gradient charge of the ion lipid solubility presence of membrane channels
85
a solution that contains a lower osmotic pressure than the cytoplasm of a cell is what?
hypotonic
86
non polar organic molecules are good examples of what?
hydrophobic compounds
87
when 2 monosaccharides undergo a dehydration synthesis what happens?
a disaccharide is formed
88
the process of protein formation directed by mRNA is called what?
translation
89
chromosomes consist of what?
DNA and proteins
90
the most important metabolic fuel in the body
glucose

BIOL 2401 (1 decks)

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