Ch 1-4, 14 & 17

Question 1

Human Culture

Answer 1

Cultural

Question 2

Humans as a biological species

Answer 2

Biological

Question 3

Study of past populations through material remains

Answer 3

Archaeology

Question 4

Human Language

Answer 4

Linguistics

Question 5

-Integrated, interdisciplinary
-Evolutionary framework and underlying theme

Answer 5

Approaches to biological anthropology

Question 6

Paleoanthropology: What traits are bipedalism?
When did bipedalism emerge?

Answer 6

Biological

Question 6

Paleoanthropology: What’s the evidence for tool use and culture?

Answer 6

Behavioral

Question 7

Paleoanthropology: How does brain size differ among human species?

Answer 7

Comparative

Question 8

Human Biology: How do humans respond physiologically to extreme conditions?

Answer 8

Biological

Question 9

Human Biology: How do cultural values and social behaviors affect growth, development?

Answer 9

Behavioral

Question 10

Human Biology: How does skin color vary across populations differing in latitude?

Answer 10

Comparative

Question 11

Genetics: (Molecular anthropology)- How do environment & genes interact to influence form?

Answer 11

biological

Question 12

Genetics: (Molecular anthropology)- what behaviors have genetic bases?

Answer 12

behavioral

Question 13

Genetics: (Molecular anthropology)- Can human populations be distinguished genetically?

Answer 13

comparative

Question 14

How did this person die?
Can we reconstruct a person’s lifestyle from bone?
Can we distinguish broad human populations from bone?

Anthropology+ forensic science+ law

Answer 14

Forensic Anthropology

Question 15

From what population did these remains originate?
How did these people live?
-Diet
-health
-growth development
What is the history of the population?
Migration?

Answer 15

Biological Archaeology

Question 16

-Why biological anthropology is anthropology
-Personal fundamental Questions:
-Where do we come from?
-How did we get here?

Answer 16

Human Origins

Question 17

Judge William Overton (1982)
-It is guided by natural law
-It has to be explanatory by reference to natural law
-It is testable against empirical world
-Its conclusions are tentative i.e, not necessarily the final word
- It is FALSIFIABLE

Answer 17

McLean v. Arkansas

Question 18

-Broad explanation of a phenomenon
-framework or lens through which we interpret facts or observations
-useful for generating and testing hypotheses or predictions
-constantly tested against accumulating observations
-can be changed or abandoned

Answer 18

Theory

Question 19

-Searches for universal “laws” in nature
-Given A,B, and C,D, always happens
-seeks testable explanations for observed phenomena

Answer 19

Anthropology as a science

Question 20

No Change = No evolution

Answer 20

Fixity of species

Question 21

No time for evolution to take place

Answer 21

Young Earth

Question 22

-Late 1400s to peak in late 1700s
-Birth of: Modern philosophies, arts, sciences
-Separation of science and religion

Answer 22

The Renaissance

Question 23

-Polish Mathematician and astronomer
-First intellectual upheaval in Western world
-Heliocentric theory
– Undermines Anthropocentric universe
(1473-1543)

Answer 23

Nicolaus copernicus

Question 24

-English physicist/ mathematician -"Principia" (1687) introduces modern era of physics -Theory of Universal Gravitation -Mechanistic universe --A move towards natural laws (1643-1727)

Answer 24

Isaac Newton

Question 25

natural laws can explain and even predict the center of the universe

Answer 25

Mechanistic

Question 26

-Scottish geologist, naturalist -"Theory of the Earth" (1795) -Earth transformed by slow processes -- Erosion --Deposition --Uplift -Establishes deep time because slow processes require time. (1726-1797)

Answer 26

James Hutton

Question 27

-Scottish Geologist who wrote "Principles pf Geology" (1830-33) -promoted deep tome alongside Hutton -Undermines supernatural catastrophes as. explanation -Uniformitarianism

Answer 27

Charles Lyell

Question 28

-Slow geological processes produce continuous changes to earth's surface -No need for supernatural catastrophes

Answer 28

Uniformitarianism

Question 29

Young Earth model --> Deep Time Static Earth history --> Dynamic earth History Catastrophism --> Uniformitarianism

Answer 29

Changed view of Earth

Question 30

-Swedish botanist "Systema Naturae" (1735) -Formalized classification system --Binomial Nomenclature ---- e.g. Canis familiaris (Genus species) -- Humans included (multiple origins) -(1707-1778)

Answer 30

Carolus Linnaeus

Question 31

-French comparative anatomist & catastrophist -Fixity of Species -Function is more important than form for taxonomy --Similarities between species could only come from similar function -(1769-1832)

Answer 31

Georges Cuvier

Question 32

-French anatomist -"Philosophie Anatomique" (1818) --Organisms can be modifications of a single type Idea that became Homology (1772-1844)

Answer 32

ÉTIENNE GEOFFROY SAINT-HILAIRE

Question 33

-Structures in different organisms can be modifications of a type - Parts change in shape/size but remain connected in the same pattern

Answer 33

Homology

Question 34

-French naturalist -"Histoire Naturelle" (1749) -Questioned Fixity of Species -Recognized Environment- Species interaction -Climate change as agent of species alteration -but no mechanism proposed (1707-1788)

Answer 34

GEORGES-LOUIS LECLERC, COMTE DE BUFFON

Question 35

-French naturalist -Followed Buffon and others in thinking that life is not fixed -Offered first mechanism for evolution -"Philosophie Zoologique" (1809) -- Theory: 'Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics' (1744-1829

Answer 35

JEAN-BAPTISTE LAMARCK

Question 36

-Activity can change anatomy -Change is inherited -Unit of change and selection= INDIVIDUAL -No "struggle" for existence -Directional Evolution

Answer 36

Acquired Characteristics

Question 37

Organisms were driven by nature to become more complex

Answer 37

Directional Evolution

Question 38

-English intellectual -Med school dropout, Divinity degree form Cambridge -Also studied botany, geology -Familiar with work of Lamarck, Cuvier, and Lyell -Prior to trip on the HMS Beagle, accepted Fixity of Species (1809-1882)

Answer 38

Charles Darwin

Question 39

-English economist -"An Essay on the Principle of Population" (1798) -Competition: 'struggle for existence' (1766-1834)

Answer 39

Thomas Malthus

Question 40

-Scottish naturalist -Also integrated Malthus, let him to conceive of natural selection independently of Darwin -Wrote to Darwin -Read to the Linnean Society of London

Answer 40

Alfred Russel Wallace

Question 41

Essential ingredients for:____________ 1. Variation 2. Mortality (differential reproductive success) 3. hereditary

Answer 41

Natural Selection

Question 42

LAMARCK OR DARWIN/WALLACE? -Use/Disuse -Vital fluids and forces -Inheritance of acquired traits -Individual evolves -No extinction -Increasing Complexity

Answer 42

Lamarck

Question 43

LAMARCK OR DARWIN/WALLACE? -Variation -Differential survival -inheritance of trait already present -Population Evolves -Extinction -Not Directional

Answer 43

Darwin/Wallace

Question 44

-Mechanism of evolution -non-random process leading to evolution -acts on the individual while evolution acts on the population -a mechanism that can explain emergence of new species. -Fixed species vs. Biological continuity

Answer 44

Natural Selection