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Criminal Justice Research > CH 1 - 6 > Flashcards

CH 1 - 6 Flashcards

(97 cards)

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1
Q

Experiential Reality

A

Things we know from direct experience (touching a hot stove)

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2
Q

Agreement reality

A

Things we consider real because we have been told they are real, and everyone agrees (sun sets in the west)

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3
Q

Kansas City Preventative Patrol Experiment

A

Revealed the agreement reality that simply increasing patrols decreased crime was misleading

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4
Q

Empirical Research

A

Knowledge produced based on experience or observation

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5
Q

Methodology

A

The science of finding out, a logical plan to discover truth.

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6
Q

Tradition

A

Things that everybody knows

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7
Q

Authority

A

Trusting the judgement of someone with special expertise

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8
Q

Inaccurate Observation

A

Overcome by using measurement devices

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9
Q

An assertation must have both _____ and ____ support

A

logical and empirical

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10
Q

What kind of reasoning do we use in personal human inquiry?

A

Causal and Probabilistic

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11
Q

Overgeneralization

A

Overcome by replicating the study to see if you get the same results

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12
Q

Selective Observation

A

Specify in advance the number and types of observations (stems from overgeneralization)

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13
Q

Illogical reasoning

A

The exception that proves the rule “gambler’s fallacy”

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14
Q

Ideology and Politics

A

guard against the influence (faith versus science)

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15
Q

Purpose of Research (4)

A

Exploration, Description, Explanation, Application

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16
Q

Literature Review

A

The most important step of research proposal; tells what is known and unknown

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16
Q

The Research Process

A

Conceptualize, Operate, Observe, Analyze, Apply

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17
Q

Basic Elements of Research Proposal

A

Problem/Objective, Literature Review, Research Questions, Subjects for Study, Measurement

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18
Q

Basic Elements of a Research Proposal (Part 2)

A

Data Collection Methods, Analysis, References, Schedule, Budget

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19
Q

Social Scientific Theory

A

Discovering what is, what is not, and what should be

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20
Q

Attributes

A

Characteristics or qualities that describe some object, such as a person

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21
Q

Variables

A

Logical groupings of attributes

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22
Q

Causation

A

A persons attributes on one variable are expected to cause or encourage a particular attribute on another variable

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23
Q

Independent Variable

A

“Cause” “Influencer”

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24
Dependent Variable
"Effect" "depends"
25
Ideographic explanation
When we attempt to explain a single situation exhaustively
26
Nomothetic Explanation
Seeks to explain a class of situations or events rather than a single one
27
Deductive Reasoning
Observations that test the presence of a pattern. General to Specific
28
Inductive Reasoning
Specific to general, a set of observations to discovering a pattern (Grounded Theory)
29
Qualitative
Non-numerical (Qualities)
30
Quantitative
Numerical (quantities)
31
Theory
Propositions explaining why events occur in the manner that they do
32
Objectivity
"independent of mind"
33
Hypothesis
Specific expectations about empirical reality, derived from propositions
34
Paradigm
Fundamental model or scheme that organizes our view of something; a lens which we view a certain piece of reality in our world
35
Conceptualization
Scientists use theory to develop research questions that can be examined through observations
36
Operationalization
Specification of the steps, procedures, operations, to identify and measure variables
37
Observation
Look at the world systematically, develop theoretical expectations, and measure
38
Ecological Theories
Led to development of situational crime prevention directed at highly specific forms of crime
39
Ethical Concerns
Typically associated with morality; matters of right and wrong
40
Ethical
May be defined as behavior conforming to the standards of conduct of a given group
41
Ethical Dilemma of Research
Balancing potential benefits against possibility of harm
42
Anonymity
When a researcher cannot identify a given piece of information with a given person
43
Confidentiality
A researcher can link information with a subject, but promises not to do so publicly
44
The National Research Act (1974)
Signed into law after a few highly publicized examples of unethical practices in medical and social science research
45
The Belmont Report (1979)
A brief but comprehensive set of ethical principles for protecting human subjects (respect, beneficence, justice)
46
Informed Consent
Requires that subjects both have the capacity to understand and do understand the research, risks, side effects, benefits, and procedures used
47
Special Populations
Specific regulations exist for certain populations, such as juveniles and prisoners
48
Tearoom Trade (1975)
Laud Humphreys studied homosexual acts between strangers who meet in public restrooms, noted their plate numbers, tracked down their names and addresses and conducted a survey to obtain personal info at their homes.
49
Stanford Prison Experiment (1971)
Haney, Banks, Zimbardo sought to test situational hypothesis by simulating a prison, subjects displayed unexpectedly intense reactions, and the study was terminated early
50
Criteria for Causation
Explanatory Research that is inherently probabilistic. Certain factors make crime more or less likely (ideographic and nomothetic explanations)
51
Necessary Cause
Represents a condition that must be present for the effect to occur
52
Sufficient Cause
Represents a condition that, if present, will guarantee an effect will occur
53
Validity
True and valid
54
Statistical Conclusion Validity
Refers to our ability to determine whether a change in the suspected cause is statistically associated with a change in the suspected effect
55
Internal Validity
An observed association between two variables that is causal and not due to the effects of one or more other variables
56
External Validity
Concerned with whether research findings in one study can be replicated in another study, often under different conditions
57
Construct Validity
Concerned with how well an observed relationship between variables represents the causal process (generalizing from what we observe and measure to the real world)
58
Bias
Internal Validity and Statistical Conclusion validity threats are related to systematic and nonsystematic bias
59
Generalizability
Construct validity and external validity are concerned with generalization to real-world behaviors and conditions
60
Scientific Realism
Bridges idiographic and nomothetic approaches to explanation by seeking to understand how causal mechanism operate in specific contexts
61
Ecological fallacy
Danger of making assertions about individuals based on the examination of groups or aggregations
62
Individual fallacy
Using anecdotal evidence to make an argument
63
Reductionism
Failing to see the myriad of possible factors causing the situation being studied
64
Cross-Sectional Studies
Observing a single point in time; simple and cost effective; descriptive and exploratory
65
Longitudinal Studies
Permit observations over time
66
Trend Study
Those that study changes within some general population over time; a slideshow of events over time (UCR)
67
Cohort Study
Examine more specific populations as they change over time (Wolfgang)
68
Panel Study
Similar to trend or cohort, but the same set of people is interviewed on two or more occasions (a motion picture, gives information about individual observations over time)
69
Conception
Mental image we have about something
70
Concepts
Words, phrases, symbols in language that are used to represent these mental images in communication
71
Direct Observables
Those things or qualities we can observe directly (color, shape)
72
Indirect observables
Require relatively more subtle, complex, or indirect observations for things that cannot be observed directly
73
Constructs
Theoretical creations; cannot be observed directly or indirectly; similar to concepts
74
Reification
Process of regarding as real things that are not
75
Conceptual Definition
Working definition specifically assigned to a term that provides focus to our observations and gives us a specific working definition so readers will understand the concept
76
Operational Definition
Spells out precisely how the concept will be measured
77
Operationalization
The process of developing operational definitions; requires us to determine what might work as a data-collection method
78
Measurement
Assigning numbers or labels to units of analysis in order to represent the conceptual properties (make observations and assign scores to them)
79
Exhaustive variable
You should be able to classify every observation in terms of one of the attributes composing the variable
80
Mutually Exclusive Variable
You must be able to classify every observation in terms of one and only one attribute
81
Nominal
Offers names or labels for characteristics
82
Ordinal
Attributes can be logically rank-ordered
83
Interval
Meaningful distance between attributes
84
Ratio
Has a true zero point
85
Reliability
Whether a particular measurement technique repeatedly applied to the same object would yield the same result each time
86
Test-retest Method
Make the same measurement more than once
87
Interrater reliability
Compare measurements from different raters; verify initial measurements
88
Split-half method
Make more than one measure of any concept; see if each measures the concept differently
89
Validity
The extent to which an empirical measure adequately reflects the meaning of the concept under consideration
90
Face Validity
Face value
91
Criterion-related validity
compares a measure to some external criterion
92
Construct validity
Whether your variable relates to another in the logically expected direction
93
Content Validity
Does the measure cover the range of meanings included in the concept
94
Composite Measures
Allows us to combine individual measures to produce more valid and reliable indicators
95
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Criminal Justice Research (2 decks)

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