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Psych > Ch. 1 and 3 > Flashcards

Ch. 1 and 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

2 ancestors of psych:

A

Plato and Aristotle

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2
Q

Plato believed in _____ which says that knowledge is ______.

A

nativism

-knowledge is innate or born

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3
Q

Aristotle believed in ____ which says that knowledge is _____.

A

philosophical empiricism

  • knowledge is acquired through experience
  • “blank slate” tabularasa
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4
Q

What did Wundt do?

A

create the foundation for psychology as a scientific discipline

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5
Q

What did Titchener do?

A

brought structralism to USA

-Wundt student

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6
Q

What did James do?

A

applied Darwin’s idea of NS to the mind

  • functionalist approach
  • mind object manipulation to problem solve
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7
Q

What did Hall do?

A

established 1st psych research la, journal & pro organization

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8
Q

Descartes and Hobbes had opposing views, what did they each believe about the mind?

A

Descartes: the mind & body are different from one another
Hobbes: the mind and body aren’t different, the mind is what the brain does, subjective mind

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9
Q

What did Gall do?

A

developed a theory called “phrenology”: specific mind abilities/characteristics are located in specific areas of the brain
-each bump on brain= trait

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10
Q

Broca and Flourens did what?

A

researched the brain through obtopseys–> the mind is grounded in the brain

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11
Q

Helmhotlz studied _____.

A

reaction time studies

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12
Q

method of introspection:

A

Wundt

-subjective observation of one’s own experience

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13
Q

why structuralism failed: (1)

A

the methods did not produce replicable thoughts

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14
Q

associationisms:

A

sensations that occur together are then associated with one another ‘co-occurrence’
-given rise from structuralism

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15
Q

Gesalt Psychology:

A

an approach that emphasizes that we often perceive the whole than the sum of the parts

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16
Q

What did Freud do?

A

worked with hysteric patients using psychoanalysis

-saw illness as a way of dealing with unconscious/childhood influences

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17
Q

human psychology:

A

an approach to understanding human nature

-emphasizes positive potential in humans

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18
Q

3 frameworks failed and a new one emerged.. what were they?

A

1) structuralism
2) functionalism
3) psychoanalysis
behaviorism emerges

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19
Q

behaviouralism:

A

focusing on what humans do rather then what they experienceto understand how we learn & adapt

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20
Q

What did Watson do?

A

created behaviorism

-the relationship between stimulus and response (environment shapes behaviour)

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21
Q

What did Pavlov do?

A

conducted studies on dogs, bells & food= salivating

-Stimulus-response psych emerged

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22
Q

What did Skinner do?

A

created idea of Principle of Reinforcement (humans have no free will, just respond using past reinforcements)

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23
Q

reinforcement:

A

the consequence of a behaviour to determine likelihood of it occurring again

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24
Q

What did Bartlett do?

A

studied memory–> memories aren’t a direct representation of the past but are influenced by our knowledge, desires, etc

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25
Q

cognitive psych:

A

the study of mental processes (perception, thought, memory, reasoning)

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26
Q

Broadbent & Muller figured out the humans can only ____.

A

focus on about 7 pieces of info at a time

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27
Q

Lashley conducted what experiment? What did it lead to?

A

removed parts of a rat brain to measure effects

-led to behavioural neuroscience

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28
Q

behavioural neuroscience:

A

links psychological processes to the activities in the nervous system and other bodily processes

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29
Q

cognitive neuroscience:

A

attempts to understand links between cognitive processes and brain activity
-improved greatly with the invention of computers

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30
Q

evolutionary pysch:

A

explains the mind and behaviour in terms of adaptive value of abilities that are preserved over time by natural selection

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31
Q

social psych:

-who created it?

A

sees the mind as a social organ
-causes and consequences of sociality
-social behaviour is a product of external & internal factors
=Lewin

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32
Q

cultural pysch:

A

how cultures reflect and shape psychological processes of its members

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33
Q

____ and ____ contradict each other in cultural psych:

A

relativism: variations occur across cultures & have profound pysch effects
absolutism: one thing in one place means the same in another place which leads to the idea that culture has little impact on psych effects

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34
Q

counseling psychologist focuses on:

A

work career issues, life changes, common crisis

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35
Q

social psychologist focuses on:

A

social pressure and obedience

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36
Q

industrial organization psychologist focuses on:

A

ensuring workplace is set up to create most productive environment

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37
Q

heath psychologist focuses on:

A

helping people adopt healthy behaviours (diet, exercise, don’t smoke, etc)

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38
Q

neurons:

A

cells in the nervous system that communicate with one another to preform info-processing tasks

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39
Q

what can psychyrogists give you?

A

medication that directly effects your neurons

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40
Q

3 type of neurons:

A

interneuron, sensory, motor

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41
Q

interneurons:

A

talk to other neurons only

ex) Purkinje cells

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42
Q

sensory neurons:

A

detects stimuli from environment

ex) bipolar neurons

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43
Q

motor neurons:

A

sends message from rain to appropriate part of body which causes a reaction or hormone release

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44
Q

neurons are made up of 3 parts:

A
  1. dendrites (receives input)
  2. cell body (processes input)
    3, axon (sends out input)
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45
Q

synapse:

A

between the dendrite and axon of two neurons, chemical

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46
Q

glial cells:

A

provide support in the form of myelin sheath, insulation for axons which keeps info moving quickly

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47
Q

axodendritic:

A

axon and dendrite interaction

48
Q

axosomatic:

A

the presynaptic axon does not interact with postsynaptic dendrites but rather goes straight to the cell body

49
Q

demyelinating multiple sclerosis symptoms/effects:

A

loss of feeling in limbs, partial blindness, difficulty in coordinated movement

50
Q

resting potential:

A

70 millivolts

K inside, Na outside

51
Q

action potential:

A

40 millvolts

Na inside, K outside

52
Q

the impulse must pass the ____ in order to cause ac action potential. It’s an _____ __ _____ process.

A

threshold

all or nothing

53
Q

what happens when the impluse reaches 40 millivolts?

A

a sodium pump reverses the in-balanced ions back to resting potential.

54
Q

whats a refractory period?

A

the time in which the neuron can not be stimulated, approx 5 milliseconds

55
Q

Nodes of Ranvier:

A

breaks in the myelin sheath in which the electric impulse can jump to go faster

56
Q

synaptic transmission:

A

communication between neurons where an action potential triggers the release of neurotransmitters from the terminal buttons of the presynaptic neuron

57
Q

what happens once neurotransmitters leave the sending axon’s terminal?

A

they bind to the receiving dendrite on specific receptor sites then get ready for reuptake

58
Q

3 ways of reuptaking:

A

1) reuptake “passage ways”
2) enzyme deactivation
3) binding to autoreceptors

59
Q

auto receptor:

A

detect amount of neurotrasmitters that have been released into the synapse & signal to the neuron to stop releasing when max capacity is reached

60
Q

neurotransmitter:

A

chemicals that transmit info across the synase

61
Q

2 categories of drugs:

A

1) agonists

2) antagonist

62
Q

agonist:

A

drugs that increase the action of a neurotransmitter

  • increase production
  • bind to autoreceptors to block
  • block reuptake
63
Q

antagonist:

A

drugs that block the function of neurotransmitters

  • block production
  • bind to receptor sites on post synaptic
  • activate autoreceptors so they inhibit the release of neurotransmitters
64
Q

receptor:

A

part of the cell membrane that receives the neurotransmitter

65
Q

What part of the body does Acetylcholine (ACh) effect?

A

involved in voluntary motor control

-Alzheimer’s is associated with deterioration in ACh

66
Q

What does Dophamine do?

A

regulates motor behaviour, motivation, pleasure and emotional arousal

  • high levels= schizophrenia
  • low levels= Parkinson’s disease
67
Q

What is Glutamate? GABA?

A

Glutamate= major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain (enhances transmissions of info between neurons)
GABA= primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in brain (stops firing)
-too much glutamate or low GABA= seizures

68
Q

What does Norepinephrine do?

A

heightened awareness of danger, adrenaline

-increase heartrate

69
Q

What does Seretonin do?

A

regulates sleep, wakefulness, eating and aggressive behaviour

70
Q

What does Endorphins do?

A

act within the pain and emotional centers of the brain

-morphine produces this feeling

71
Q

action potential is also called…

resting potential is also called..

A

action-depolarization
resting-polarization
-90millivolts = hyerpolarization

72
Q

how can you tell the intensity of a stimulus if the stimulation can nenver go past 4 millivolts?

A

count the number of action potentials per second (max=700)

73
Q

saltatory conduction:

A

speeds up the action potential along mylinated axons by “hopping”

74
Q

2 divisions of the nervous system and what they contain?

A

1) central NS: the brain & spinal cord

2) peripheral NS: connects CNS to muscles & organs

75
Q

2 divisions of PNS and what they cover?

A

1) somatic: communication between CNS and voluntary muscles *conscious control
2) autosomatic: carries involuntary commands *reflexes

76
Q

2 divisions of the autosomatic NS and what they do?

A

1) sympathetic: prepares the body for action *fight or flight
2) parasympathetic: returns the body to a normal resting state

77
Q

in the hindbrain, what does the medulla do?

A

coordinates heartrate, circulation & respriation

78
Q

in the hindbrain, what does the reticular formation do?

A

regulates sleep, wakefulness and arousal

79
Q

in the hindbrain, what does the cerebellum do?

A

controls fine motor skills and orchestrates proper sequence of movements

80
Q

in the hindbrain, what do the pons do?

A

“bridges” info from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain

81
Q

in the midbrain, what does the tectum do?

A

orients an organism in the environment by receiving stimuli from ears, eyes, skin, etc ex) car horn
-back of brain

82
Q

in the midbrain, what does the tegmentum do?

A

in control of movement & arousal

-front of brain

83
Q

in the cerebral cortex of the forebrain, what does the thalamus do?

A

relays & filters info from the senses and transmits it to the cerebra cortex

84
Q

in the forebrain, what does the hypothalamus do? (Limbic system)

A

regulates body temp, hunger, thirst and sexual behaviour

85
Q

in the cerebral cortex of the forebrain, what does the pituatary gland do?

A

hormone producing system

86
Q

in the forebrain, what does the hipocampus do? (Limbic system)

A

creates new memories and integrates them into knowledge

87
Q

in the forebrain, what does the amygdala do? (Limbic system)

A

emotional processes–> emotional memories

-recognizes fear in others

88
Q

in the forebrain, what are the basal ganglia?

A

a set of subscortical structures that directs intentional movements

89
Q

what are commissures? which is the largest?

A

bundles of axons that connect the 2 hemispheres

-largest = corpus callosum

90
Q

what is Propranalol? How is it related to norepinephrine?

A

a type of beta blocker (obstructor of receptor sites for norepinephrine in the heart)
-slows heart down while norepinephrine speeds it up

91
Q

cerebral cortex consists of 4 lobes, what are they and what does each cover?

A

1) occiptal: vision
2) parietal: touch
3) temporal: hearing/language
4) frontal: motor

92
Q

what is the gyrus & sulcus? what purpose do they serve?

A

gyrus: hills/peaks on the brain
sulcus: valleys on the brain
- more info in a smaller surface area

93
Q

what is homunculus?

A

“little man” shows the proportion of somatosensory cortex in the brain is devoted to what

94
Q

association areas:

A

areas of cerebral cortex that integrate info processed in various parts of the brain to create a general understanding

95
Q

during pregnancy, which parts of the brain develop first?

halfway? near the end?

A

1st: mid and hind brain
2nd: cerebral cortex
3rd: cerebral hemispheres

96
Q

ontogeny?

phylogeny?

A

ontogeny: brain development in an individual
phylogeny: brain development in a species

97
Q

structuralism:

A

the analysis of basic elements that constitute the mind

-structure of mind

98
Q

functionalism:

A

the study of the purpose of mental processes that enable one to work in that environment
-functions that mind processes serve

99
Q

psychoanalysis.. what is it? who developed it?

A

emphasizes the importance of unconscious influences and childhood experiences in shaping thoughts, behaviors, feeling
-Freud

100
Q

Chomsky, a languagist, believed what?:

A

language relies on mental rules that allow people to understand new sentences/words
ex) children can produce sentences they never heard before–> goes against reinforcement

101
Q

where would you find a Purkinje cell?

A

cerebellum in brain

102
Q

what makes a cell bipolar?

A

has only one dendrite and a single axon

103
Q

2 stages in the electrochemical action of neurons are:

A

1) conduction (movement of electrical signal within neuron)

2) transmission (movement of electrical signals from one neuron to another

104
Q

4 drugs that alter neurotrasmitters:

A

1) Amphetamine (stimulates release of norepinephrine & dopamine AND prevents reuptake)
2) Cocaine (prevents reuptake of norepinephrine & dopamine)
3) Methamphetamine (effects pathways for dopamine, serotonin & norepinephrine)
4) Prozac (blocks reuptake of serotonin, SSRI)

105
Q

hindbrain:

A

coordinates the info coming in and out of spinal cord

-controls basic life functions: respiration, alertness, motor skills

106
Q

the forebrain is the most complex in thinking. It has two main sections.. they are:

A

1) cerebral cortex (outermost layer, 2 hemispheres)

2) subcortical structures (parts hidden under cerebral cortex, very center of brain)

107
Q

Limbic system:

A

group in forebrain of hypothalmus, hippocampus & amygdala

-motivation, emotion, learning, memory

108
Q

mirror neurons:

A

active when an animal does something, also activates i animals watching
-monkey see, monkey do effect

109
Q

brain plasticity:

A

functions assigned to one part of the brain can be reassigned to other areas in response to changes in environment
-ex) losing finger

110
Q

Propranalol:

A

antagonist drug that slows heartrate

111
Q

beta blocker:

A

obstructs receptor sites

112
Q

affrant and effrant:

A 
aff= going to cortex
eff= leaving cortex
113
Q

midbrain:

A

small area of brain

  • focuses on orientation of environment and response to stimuli
  • central location for dophamine and serotonin
114
Q

ipsilateral and contralateral:

A 
ipsi= using same side of brain for sense side 
contra= using opposite side of brain for sense side
115
Q

hertitability:

A

measure of variability of behavioral traits among individuals that are accounted for by genetics
-measured from 0 (genes do not contribute) to 1.00 (genes are the only reason)

116
Q

ex) heritability index of .50 for intelligence means..

A

half of intelligence influences are genetic while the other half are environmental

Psych (3 decks)

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