Ch. 1-Basic Concepts in Immunology

Question 1

Jenner’s experiment

Answer 1

creation of the first vaccination, 1796

Process:
- milkmaid infected w/ cowpox
- man inoculated w/ pus from woman’s cowpox
- man gets mild case of cowpox
- scabs collected from a smallpox patient
- man is inoculated w/ scabs of smallpox, but unaffected

Question 2

Louis Pasteur’s Germ Theory, 1861

Answer 2

determined that microbes:
- don’t grow spontaneously
- are pathogens

Question 3

development of rabies and anthrax vaccinations

Answer 3

made by Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch, 1890s

Question 4

types of pathogens

Answer 4

SMALLEST
viruses
intracellular bacteria
extracellular bacteria, archaea, protozoa
fungi
parasites
LARGEST

Question 5

immune system

Answer 5

cells and molecules that provide immunity to host organism

Question 6

What does the immune system do?

Answer 6

• responds to foreign susbtances (antigens)
• responds to own damaged/malignant cells (self-antigens, neoantigens)
  responds to tissue injury
• abnormal response to self (autoimmunity)

Question 7

All immune cells originate from…

Answer 7

multipotent hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow

Question 8

Immune cells populate…

Answer 8

the blood and peripheral organs

Question 9

innate vs. adaptive immune system

Answer 9

innate: rapid response, cells come from myeloid and lymphoid lineage

adaptive: slower response, cells only from lymphoid lineage

Question 10

innate immunity cells

Answer 10

dendritic cell
mast cell
natural killer (NK) cell
complement protein
macrophage
granulocytes (basophil, eosinophil, neutrophil)

Question 11

adaptive immunity cells

Answer 11

B cell - antibodies
T cell - CD4+ T cell, CD8+ T cell

Question 12

What is the body’s first defense against pathogens?

Answer 12

anatomic and chemical barriers
Eg. skin, oral mucosa, respiratory epithelium, intestine

Question 13

What is the body’s second defense against pathogens?

Answer 13

complement/antimicrobial proteins
Eg. C3, defensins, RegIIIy

Question 14

What is the body’s third defense against pathogens?

Answer 14

innate immune cells
Eg. macrophages, granulocytes, NK cells, epithelial cells

Question 15

What is the body’s fourth defense against pathogens?

Answer 15

adaptive immunity
Eg. B cells/antibodies, T cells

Question 16

How is the immune system activated?

Answer 16

inflammatory inducers signal presence of pathogens/tissue damage
Eg. bacterial lipopolysaccharides, ATP, urate crystals

Question 17

3 main phases of the immune response

Answer 17

1. innate immunity
2. adaptive immunity
3. immunological memory

Question 18

events involved in innate immunity

Answer 18

inflammation
complement activation
phagocytosis
destruction of pathogen

Question 19

immunological memory

Answer 19

maintenance of memory B and T cells and high serum or mucosal antibody levels
*protection against reinfection

Question 20

The ______ _______ comprises most of the cells of the innate immune system.

Answer 20

myeloid lineage

common myeloid progenitor (CMP) leads to:
dendritic cells
macrophages
granulocytes
mast cells

Question 21

phagocytic cells of innate immunity

Answer 21

macrophage
neutrophil
dendritic cell

Question 22

macrophage

Answer 22

phagocytic cell of innate immune system

• tissue resident cells
• adult macrophages derive from monocytes

Question 23

functions of macrophages

Answer 23

• engulf, kill invading microbes (phagocytosis)
• activate bactericidal mechanisms
• antigen presentation
• cytokine production
• clear cell debris
• induce inflammation

Question 24

neutrophil

Answer 24

phagocytic cell of innate immune system

• granulocyte
• most abundant immune cell in blood
• short-half life

Question 25

functions of neutrophils

Answer 25

- kill microbes by phagocytosis and netosis - activate bactericidal mechanisms - first responders

Question 26

dendritic cell

Answer 26

phagocytic cell of innate immune system - professional antigen-presenting cells (APC)

Question 27

functions of dendritic cells

Answer 27

- antigen uptake in peripheral sites by phagocytosis or macropinocytosis - professional APCs - cytokine production - activate T cells - induce adaptive response

Question 28

secretory cells of innate immunity

Answer 28

eosinophil basophil mast cell

Question 29

eosinophil

Answer 29

secretory cell of innate immune system - granulocyte - rare population

Question 30

functions of eosinophils

Answer 30

- killing of antibody-coated parasites - contribute to allergic reactions