Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

ANE 8423 PHARM > CH. 1 BASIC PRINCIPLES > Flashcards

CH. 1 BASIC PRINCIPLES Flashcards

1
Q

Define: Medical Pharmacology

A

Pharmacology is the study of chemical interactions of substances with living systems and how they can be used to prevent diagnose and treat disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The physician known for the first recorded use of medicine

A

Imhotep in 3000 BCE (Egypt)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Known as the oldest system in world

A

Ayurvedic (Indian) medicine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Known as the ‘father of western medicine’

A

Hippocrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

‘god of medicine’

A

Asclepius (Rod of Asclepius).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Who created Materia Medica and what is it?

A

Dioscorides created Materia Medica. Literature of medical botany in drug preparation which, is the precursor to pharm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Differentiate between endogenous and exogenous

A

Endogenous properties are chemical substances created inside your body that causes physiologic responses to your body. For ex, endogenous adrenaline (epi made in adrenal medulla) is released in fight/flight response. Where as injecting Epinephrine into bloodstream is exogenous b/c it is from outside of the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe: Pharmacogenomics

A

Looks at genetic makeup to determine how the body responds to a drug. Ex: Pt (+) for HER2 indicates that they have a GFR on tumor surface and will respond specifically to Herceptin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe: Pharmacodynamics

A

Looks at how the drug affects the body which determines the drug group classification.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe: Pharmacokinetics

A

Looks at what the body does to the drug. Useful in determining
ADME (drug half-life determinants) Ex: Liver breaks down a particular drug quickly causing faster half- life.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

ADME?

A

Absorption- what barriers they cross
Distribution- where does it go
Metabolism- how does it go from inactive to active form
Excretion- how does that drug eliminate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe: Toxicology
-Define
-Explain how can a drug lead to toxic effects?
-Who is father of toxicology?

A

Undesirable effects of chemicals on living systems. Continued administration of a drug on saturated receptors will lead to toxic effects. Paracelsus, father of tox, discovered ‘The dose makes the poison’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Poisons are ___________.
Examples?

A

Non-biological
Lead, Arsene, Cadmium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Toxins are __________.
Examples?

A

Biological
Puffer fish, Certain mushrooms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Four major types of Organic Compounds

A

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What molecules are absent from inorganic compounds?

A

Carbon, Oxygen, and Hydrogen
Ex: Lithium and iron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Receptor (R)

A

Protein on cell surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What factors affect drug interaction?

A

-Atomic composition: makeup of receptor
-Electrical charge: receptors are proteins (which are made up of amino acids) that can be polar/non-polar and make bonds based off charge
-Size: expressed in molecular weight (daltons)
-Shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

-Define: Agonist
-Give an example.
-Explain the what the receptor response curve would elicit.

A

-Binds to a receptor and creates a intended response. Effect may be greater or lesser than native ligand.
-Ex: Norepi/ Epi binds to beta 1 and 2 receptors in heart causing increase in BP/HR.
-Graph illustrates ‘a alone’ plateau (max effect at max dose)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Define: Antagonist

A

Binds to receptor inhibits agonist response. Prevents binding of native ligands as well.
Will keep response at constitutive activity while block agonist.
Ex: Propranolol, Atenolol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Non-competitive antagonist

A

Bonds away from active site
Insurmountable- irreversible
Ex: Allosteric inhibitors and orthosteric antagonist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Competitive antagonist

A

Binds and inhibits agonist response at active site.
Surmountable- Agonist has ability to out-compete competitive antagonist by increasing dose
Ex: Isoproterenol + Propranolol (orthosteric antagonist)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Allosteric Bonding

A

Drug bonds outside active site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Orthosteric Bonding

A

Drug binds to active site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Orthosteric inhibitor
Competitive antagonist that forms covalent bond to active site making it insurmountable
26
-Allosteric Activators are ____________ agonist. -Define -Explain the what the receptor response curve would elicit .
-Non-competitive agonist -Drug binds outside active site of same receptor as agonist and increases overall response - Graph illustrates a+c
27
-Allosteric Inhibitors are non-competitive ____________. -Define -Give an example. -Explain the what the receptor response curve would elicit .
-Non-competitive antagonist -Insurmountable/ irreversible -Drug binds outside active site of Receptor and inhibits response -Ex: Maraviroc- binds to active CCR5 receptor. Ex 2: benzodiazepines bind to GABA receptor enhancing GABA activity even more. Graph illustrates: a+d; unable to reach max
28
Describe: Covalent Bonds
Strongest bond between agonist and receptor, unbreakable/ irreversible. Shares electrons. Ex: acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and cyclooxygenase (platelet enzyme)
29
Describe: Electrostatic Bonds
Ionic (+:-) charged bonds; 10x weaker than covalent bonds. Ex: hydrogen bonding, Van der Waals forces (water bonds)
30
Hydrogen Bonding
Type of electrostatic/ionic bond; has partial positive hydrogen and a partial negative O2 (or N2, F2) which attracts each other
31
Describe: Hydrophobic Bonds
Usually a lipid soluble drugs interacting with lipids of cell membrane. Weakest bond because no charge. Water shifts out of system so relies on size, shape, and will be more selective (requires increase specificity); most numerous in body
32
Specific bonding v non-specific bonding
Specific bonding is drug bonds to intended receptor. However, if this continues, we can saturate the receptor and max out specific bonding. The drug will then bind some where else (Non-specific binding). Total bonding will continue to increase beyond specific bond max
33
Functions of drug carriers. Most common non-specific binder?
Acts as carrier to drug until receptor is available; Balances the osmolality of blood.
34
Most common non-specific drug carrier in blood?
Albumin
35
Isomers
Same chemical formula but different shape thus diff. properties and actions Ex: Fructose and glucose
36
Stereoisomerism Examples? How does this affect the drug?
Mirrored images but different affects on body (applies to more than half of drugs). Enzymes, drug transporters, and drug-metabolizing enzymes are stereoselective and may bind to a particular isomer which changes the effects drug and the duration of action.
37
Optical isomers
Applies to about half of drugs; Mirrored images Ex: In relation to amino acid, R group rotation can occur causing amino acids to mirror each other. Ex: D:L or R:S
38
What makes up an amino acid?
Central carbon, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen, and some R group ( R group determines what the amino acid is)
39
Competitive inhibitor
Competes at active site to block or reduces effects of agonist but increasing the drug can overcome its effects
40
Racemic Mixtures
The combination of a + and - optical isomers Ex: R:S S-ketamine in 4x more potent than R-ketamine and R-ketamine is more toxic. So we use a mixture of both compounds causing one rotational change effecting the benzene ring and hopefully balancing effect.
41
Purified form of ketamine
Esketamine; only containing s-isomer (eliminates toxic side effects)
42
Analyze drug concentration response curve
The more concentration of a drug in blood, the more effect
43
What does EC50 indicate?
EC50 is the concentration where 50% drug effect is seen; constant
44
What does Emax indicate?
Emax is the point where maximum drug effect is seen; varies off drug concentration
45
What does Bmax indicate?
Max drug that are able to bind to receptor
46
What does Kd indicate?
Drug concentration at which ½ of receptors are bound; changes based off type of bond drug agonist makes to receptor
47
Does Kd equal EC50? Why or why not?
No. Drug binds to R and may cause intended effects without using 50% of drug
48
Explain how Kd correlates to drug/receptor affinity?
As Kd decreases, drug affinity increases (inverse relationship)
49
What happens when you give drug with an opposite charge?
Counteracts each other Ex: Protamine (+ charge) binds directly to Heparin (-) which will counteract Heparin
50
Describe physiologic antagonism.
Two different drugs act on different receptors that cause opposite effects on body. Ex: Epinephrine and Acetylcholine
51
Differentiate potency and efficacy.
Potency: amount of drug needed to produce an effect. A drug with lower EC50 has a higher potency Efficacy: max effect that a given drug will produce regardless of the dose. It can be represented by Emax on the dose Clinical effectiveness of a drug depends on efficacy!
52
Explain partial agonist.
Partial bind (usually binds and releases repeatedly) at max receptors causing weaker response d/t less affinity (elicits a weaker response) Ex: Pindolol, Acebutolol acts on b1 receptor
53
Define and explain inverse agonist.
Favors inactive form (Ri); binds to active site and inhibits all response including constitutive activity. Ex: B-blockers (Carvedilol, Nadolol)
54
List specific receptors inverse agonist favor.
- H1 (Cetirizine, Loratadine) -H2 (Ranitidine, Cimetidine) -GABA (benzos, hypnotics, barbs) -5-HT (Risperidone, Mirtazapine, mianserine) -Dopamine (Haldol, Clozapine) -B-Blockers (Bucindolol)
55
Evaluate how a partial agonist can also be an antagonist.
Can out-compete full agonist by binding to active site of same receptor
56
Indirect Agonist
Mimics direct agonist by creating downstream cascade causing a continued response Ex: Amphetamine, Cocaine
57
Albumin binds mostly to ___________ drugs.
Acidic
58
a1-acid glycoprotein binds mostly to ___________ drugs.
Basic
59
Lipoproteins binds mostly to ___________ drugs.
Neutral
60
What are properties of Good Receptors?
Selective Alteration
61
Define Selective (related to Good receptor properties)
Drug binds to only one receptor or one type of receptor
62
Define Alteration (related to Good receptor properties)
Receptor binds to ligand, shifts, and causes interaction in cell
63
What are properties of Bad Receptors?
Bad receptors types are inert binding sites that binds drugs to carrier proteins with no drug effect on body.
64
Define therapeutic index
The distance between the effective dose (ED50) and the toxic dose.
65
The larger therapeutic index, the ______ the drug is.
safer
66
Weak acids _______ H+ ions into solution
release
67
Weak bases _______ H+ ions into solution
absorbs
68
If pH < pKa, that favors the _______ form
protonated (H+ ion attached)
69
If pH > pKa, that favors the _______ form
unprotonated (H+ ion not attached)
70
Weak acid that's pH< pKa
Protonated and uncharged
71
Weak acid that's pH > pKa
Unprotonated and charged
72
Weak base thats pH < pKa
Protonated and charged
73
Weak base that's pH > pKa
Unprotonated and uncharged
74
Four main drug variations
1. Alteration in concentration of the drug that reaches the receptor (rate of absorption, weight, sex, disease state) 2. Variation in concentration of endogenous receptor ligand (may be affected by disease state) 3. Alteration in number of function of receptors (increase or decrease in the concentration of ligand binding) 4. Changes in components of response downstream to receptor
75
What is the most important cause of variation?
Changes in components of response downstream to receptor -Post receptor process; body has a natural ability to compensate
76

ANE 8423 PHARM (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions