Ch. 1 Foundations of Sonography (2) Flashcards

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1
Q

Acoustics is the study of _______, _______, and _________sound waves.

A

Generating, propagating, and receiving

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2
Q

Ultrasound is defined as sound frequencies beyond the upper limits of human hearing, that is, greater than _________.

A

20 Kilohertz

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3
Q

Name the three pioneers who made a significant contribution to ultrasound

A

John Wild, Dr. Hellmuth Hertz, Inge Elder

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4
Q

The terms ________, __________, and __________ have all been used to describe an imaging technique by which soft tissue structures of the body are visualized by recording the returning reflection of ultrasonic waves directed into the body.

A

Diagnostic Medical ultrasound, ultrasound, and ultrasonography

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5
Q

The term that applies to the ultrasound evaluation of cardiac structures is ________.

A

Echocardiography

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6
Q

One who performs ultrasound studies and gathers data under the direct or indirect dupervision of a physician is a __________

A

Sonographer

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7
Q

The qualities of a good sonographer are , , ,

A
  1. Intellectual curiosity
  2. Perseverance
  3. Ability to conceptualize two dimensional images into a three dimensional format
  4. Quick and analytical mind
  5. Technical amplitude
  6. Good physical health
  7. Independence and initiative
  8. Emotional stability
  9. Communication skills
  10. Dedication
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8
Q

As the ceramic element vibrates, it periodically presses against and pulls away from the adjacent medium with resultant particle __________ and ____________in the meduim

A

Compression and rarefraction

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9
Q

A transducer converts_________ energy into ___________ energy.

A

Electrical into mechanical

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10
Q

A propagation of energy that moves back and forth or vibrates at a steady rate is a __________

A

Wave

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11
Q

The time required to produce each cycle depends of the _________of the transducer

A

Frequency

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12
Q

The distance between two peaks over a period of time is the _________

A

Wavelength

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13
Q

Wavelength is inversely related to frequency, which means that the higher the frequency, the _________ the wavelength

A

Shorter

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14
Q

As frequencies become higher, the pulse duration ________, yielding a decrease in the depth of field

A

Decreases

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15
Q

The rate at which energy is transmitted is referred to as the _________

A

Power

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16
Q

Power per unit area is defined as __________

A

Intensity

17
Q

If you double the power, the intensity ______

A

Doubles

18
Q

The piezoelectric effect was first described by the ________ brothers in 1880

A

Curie

19
Q

Air-filled structures , such as lungs and stomach, or gas-filled structures, such as bowel _______ sound transmission

A

Impede

20
Q

Bone conducts sound at a ________speed than soft tissue

A

Faster

21
Q

Normal transmission of sound through soft tissue travels at _________m/sec

A

1540

22
Q

Acoustic impedance is the product of the ___________ in a medium and the density of that medium

A

Velocity of Sound

23
Q

The angle of reflection is equal to the _______

A

Angle of incidence

24
Q

If specular reflectors are aligned __________ to the direction of the transmitted pulse, they reflect sound directly back to the active crystal elements in the transducer and produce a strong signal

A

Perpendicular

25
Q

The sum of acoustic energy losses resulting from absorption, scattering, and reflection is the ___________

A

Attenuation

26
Q

Minimum reflector separation along the sound path required to produce separate echoes is _______ resolution

A

Axial

27
Q

The __________ resolution is the ability to produce separate echoes perpendicular to the sound path; it is affected by the transducer diameter and focusing

A

Lateral

28
Q

Lateral resolution is determined by _________

A

Beam width

29
Q

________ resolution refers to the ability to resolve ofbjects that are the same distance from the transducer but are located perpendicular to the plane of imaging

A

Azimuthal

30
Q

Three criteria that determine the type of transducer selected for a particular examination are . . .

A
  1. Examination
  2. Size of patient
  3. Amount of fatty or muscular tissue present
31
Q

The number of pulses launched per second is the __________

A

Pulse repetition frequency (PRF)

32
Q

If the gain is set too ________, artificial echo noise will be displayed throughout the image

A

High

33
Q

A one-dimensional image displaying the amplitude strength of the returning echo signals along the vertical axis and the time (distance) along the horizontal axis is produced by __________

A

Amplitude modulation

34
Q

The intensity (amplitude) of an echo attained by varying the brightness of a dot to correspond to echo strength is displayed by the ______________method

A

Brightness modulation

35
Q

The condition of assigning each level of amplitude a particular shade of gray is referred to as the __________

A

Gray Scale

36
Q

The __________ displays time along the horizontal axis and depth along the vertical axis to depict movement, especially in cardiac structures

A

Motion mode

37
Q

A dynamic presentation of multiple image frames per second over selected areas of the body is provided by ________imaging

A

Real time

38
Q

With pulse Doppler, for accurate detection of Doppler frequencies, the Doppler signal must be sampled at least ______for each cycle in the wave

A

Twice

39
Q

When the Nyquist limit is exceeded, an artifact called __________occurs

A

Aliasing