CH-1-HIS Flashcards
(23 cards)
Who was fredric souree?
Ans.Frederic Sorrier was a French romanticist artist .He painted in four
series his utopian vision of social and democratic republics in 1848
When did the first clear expression of nationalism come?
during the french revolution in 1789
what do the ideas of la patrie and le citoyen emphasize?
The ideas of la patrie and le citoyen emphasize the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.
Analyse the measures and practices introduced by the French
revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity amongst the French
people.
The measures and practices introduced by the French
revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity among the French
people were as follows.
The idea of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen)
emphasised the idea of united people enjoying equal rights under a
constitution.
A new French flag, the tricolour, was chosen to replace the former royal
standard.
The Estates General was elected by the active citizens and renamed the
National Assembly.
New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated in
the name of nation.
Regional dialects were discouraged and French, as it was spoken and
written in Paris, became the common language of the nation.
A centralised administrative system was put in practice and it formulated
uniform laws for all citizens within its territory.
Internal customs duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of
weights and measures was adopted.
”Napoleon had destroyed democracy in France, but in the
administrative field he had incorporated revolutionary principles in order
to make the whole system more rational and efficient.” Analyze the
statement with suitable examples.
OR
Explain any five social and administrative reforms introduced by
Napoleon in the regions under his control.
Napoleon declared himself the emperor of France and destroyed
democracy. In the administrative field, he incorporated revolutionary
principles, which were as follows.
The Civil Code of 1804, also known as Napoleonic Code, abolished all the
privileges based on birth, established equality before the law and gave
the right to property.
The code which was introduced in the regions under French control, like
Italy, Germany, Switzerland.
The Code simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system
and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.
In towns guild restrictions came to an end.
Uniform weights and measures were adopted.
A common national currency helped in the movement of goods and
capital from one region to another.
Transport and communication systems were improved.
How did the local people in the areas conquered by Napoleon react to
French rule?
In the areas conquered by Napoleon, the reactions of the local
populations to French rule were mixed.
Initially, in many places such as Holland and Switzerland, as well as in
certain cities like Brussels, Mainz, Milan and Warsaw, the French armies
were welcomed as harbinger of liberty.
But when it became clear that the new administrative arrangements did
not go hand in hand with political freedom, the local people turned to
hostility.
Increased taxation, censorship, forced conscription into the French armies
required to conquer the rest of Europe, all seemed to outweigh the
advantages of the administrative changes.
Describe the events of French Revolution which had influenced the
people belonging to other parts of Europe.
OR
How did the French revolutionaries carry the idea of nationalism in other
parts of Europe?
French revolutionaries declared that it was their mission to liberate the
peoples of Europe from despotism and help them to become nations.
When the news of the events in France reached the different cities of
Europe, students and other members of educated middle classes began
setting up Jacobin clubs.
Their activities and campaigns prepared the way for the French armies
which moved into Holland,
Belgium, Switzerland and much of Italy in the 1790s.
With the outbreak of the revolutionary wars, the French armies began to
carry the idea of nationalism abroad.
‘’If you look at the map of mid-eighteenth-century Europe you will
find that there were no ‘nation-states’ as we know them today. ’Examine
the statement.
OR
Describe the political conditions of Europe in the mid-18 th century.
What we know today as Germany, Italy and Switzerland were divided into
kingdoms, duchies and cantons whose rulers had their autonomous
territories.
Eastern and Central Europe were under autocratic monarchies within the
territories of which lived diverse peoples.
They did not see themselves as sharing a collective identity or a common
culture.
Often, they even spoke different languages and belonged to different
ethnic groups.
- What political and constitutional changes did take place in the wake of
the French Revolution in 1789?
Answer: The French Revolution led to the transfer of sovereignty from
the monarchy to a body of French citizens.
The revolution proclaimed that it was the people who would
henceforth constitute the nation and shape its destiny.
What was the strong demand of the emerging middle classes in Europe
during nineteenth century?
Answer: The strong demand of emerging middle class in Europe was freedom of markets and the abolition of state imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.
5.What was the Zollverein?
Answer: Zollverein was the customs union formed in 1884 the initiative of
Prussia and was joined by most of the German states. It created a unified
economic territory for the whole of Germany.
Which countries met at the Congress of Vienna?
Answer: In 1815, representatives of the European powers—Britain,
Russia, Prussia and Austria—who had collectively defeated Napoleon,
met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe.
- What do you know about the Congress of Vienna?
Ans.Following the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, representatives of Britain,
Austria, Prussia and Russia met at Vienna to re arrange a settlement for
Europe. This conference was known as Vienna Congress.
What was the main objective of the Treaty of Vienna of 1815?
Ans.To undo the changes brought about in Europe during Napoleonic
wars.
To restore the conservative monarchies that had been overthrown
during the French Revolution.
To establish a conservative order in Europe.
Explain any three beliefs of the conservatism that emerged after 1815.
OR
Explain the important features of the New Conservatism that emerged in
Europe after 1815.
Answer: Following the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, European
governments were driven by a spirit of conservatism.
It was based on the following beliefs:
(i) Conservatives believed that established, traditional institutions of state
and society like the monarchy, the church, social hierarchies, etc. should
be preserved.
(ii) They began to favour modernisation instead of returning to the society of
pre-revolutionary days. They now believed that modernisation could strengthen
traditional institutions like monarchy. It would make state power more effective
and strong.
(iii) A modern army, an efficient bureaucracy, a dynamic economy, the abolition
of feudalism and serfdom could strengthen the autocratic monarchies of
Europe.
Examine the factors that led to the emergence of the commercial class in Europe.
In Western and parts of Central Europe the growth of industrial
production and trade meant the growth of towns and the emergence of
commercial classes whose existence was based on production for the
market.
Industrialisation led to the emergence of new social groups: a working-
class population and middle classes made up of industrialists,
businessmen, and professionals.
It was among the educated, liberal middle classes that ideas of national
unity following the abolition of aristocratic privileges gained popularity.
How did a wave of economic nationalism strengthen the wider
nationalist sentiments growing in Europe? Explain.
Answer: A wave of economic nationalism strengthened wider nationalist
sentiments growing in Europe with:
The demands of new commercial classes for a unified economic province
for unconstrained transfer of commodities, people and funds.
The formation of the zollverein in 1834.
The elimination of tariff barriers by the Zollverein.
The reduction in the number of currencies from over thirty to two.
The formation of a network of railways that further helped mobility and
connected economic interests to national unification.
Explain the conditions that were viewed as obstacles to the economic
exchange and growth by the new commercial classes during the 19th
century in Europe.
Answer: The conditions that were viewed as obstacles to the economic
exchange and growth by the new commercial classes during the 19th
century in Europe were:
Germany was divides into numerous small regions.
Each region had its own currency and system of weights and measures
that involved time-consuming calculations.
Because of countless principalities, there were many check posts where
custom duties were paid by the merchants.
5.Explain any four ideas of Liberal Nationalists in the economic sphere.
Answer: Liberal nationalists had the following ideas in the economic
sphere:
They wanted the freedom of markets and abolition of state-imposed
restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.
They argued for the creation of unified economic territory.
Reduction of currency disparities and introduction of uniform weights and
measures.
Creation of infrastructure to stimulate mobility and harness economic
interests to national unification.
6.Explain the changes brought about in Europe by the Treaty of
Vienna(1815)
Answer: Following changes were brought about in Europe by this treaty:
The Bourbon dynasty that was destroyed during the French Revolution
was restored.
France lost the territories it has annexed under Napoleon.
A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent
French expansion in future.
The kingdom of Netherlands which included Belgium was set up in the
north.
Genoa was added to Piedmont in the south.
Prussia was given important new territories on its western frontiers.
Austria was given control of northern Italy.
The German confederation of 39 states set up by Napoleon was left
untouched.
Russia was given part of Poland and Prussia was given part of Saxony.
Conservative monarchy was restored and a new conservative order was
created in Europe.
What did liberal nationalism politically signify?
Answer: Politically, liberalism emphasised the concept of government by
consent.
Since the French Revolution, liberalism had stood for the end of autocracy
and clerical privileges, a constitution and representative government
through parliament.
Nineteenth-century liberals also stressed the inviolability of private
property.
“The Habsburg Empire that ruled over Austria-Hungary, for example,
was a patchwork of many different regions and peoples”. Support your
views with suitable examples.
Answer: The Habsburg Empire included the Alpine regions – the Tyrol,
Austria and the Sudetenland – as well as Bohemia, where the aristocracy
was predominantly German-speaking.
It also included the Italian-speaking provinces of Lombardy and Venetia.
In Hungary, half of the population spoke Magyar while the other half
spoke a variety of dialects.
In Galicia, the aristocracy spoke Polish.
Besides these three dominant groups, there also lived within the
boundaries of the empire, a mass of subject peasant peoples – Bohemians
and Slovaks to the north, Slovenes in Carniola, Croats
to the south, and Roumans to the east in Transylvania.
Such differences did not easily promote a sense of political unity.
The only tie binding these diverse groups together was a common
allegiance to the emperor.
“Equality before the law did not necessarily stand for universal
suffrage”. Examine the statement.
OR
The principle of equality was a controversial one within liberal nationalism.
Elaborate the statement.
Answer: In revolutionary France, which marked the first political
experiment in liberal democracy, the right to vote and to get elected was
granted exclusively to property-owning men.
Men without property and all women were excluded from political rights.
Only for a brief period under the Jacobins did all adult males enjoy
suffrage.
However, the Napoleonic Code went back to limited suffrage and reduced
women to the status of a minor, subject to the authority of fathers and
husbands.
Throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries women and
non-propertied men organised opposition movements demanding
equal political rights.
