Ch. 1. Intake: GI Digestion, Absorption, & Excretion of Nutrients

Question 1

A hormone that stimulates the pancreas to secrete water and bicarbonate and inhibit gastrin secretion

Answer 1

Secretin

Question 2

The semifluid, gruel-like material produced by the gastric digestion of food

Answer 2

Chyme

Question 3

Non-digestible food ingredients that have a specific stimulatory effect on GIT bacteria

Answer 3

Prebiotic

Question 4

Large cells that are scattered along the walls of the stomach and secrete hydrochloric acid in gastric juice

Answer 4

Parietal cells

Question 5

Hormone that stimulates the pancreas to secrete enzymes, stimulate gallbladder contraction, slows gastric emptying, stimulates colonic activity, and may regulate appetite

Answer 5

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Question 6

The movement of particles by a carrier protein across cell membranes that require energy (ATP)

Answer 6

Active transport

Question 7

Polypeptide gastrointestinal hormone that promotes gastric emptying and intestinal motility

Answer 7

Motilin

Question 8

A complex of primarily free fatty acids, monoglycerides, and bile salts that allows lipids to be absorbed into intestinal mucosal cells

Answer 8

Micelle

Question 9

An enzyme secreted by the pancreas that catalyzes the hydrolysis of starch

Answer 9

Amylase

Question 10

Minute cylindrical processes that are found on the surface of the intestinal cells and greatly increase their absorptive surface area

Answer 10

Microvilli

Question 11

An enzyme in pancreatic juice that hydrolyzes the ester linkages between fatty acids and glycerol

Answer 11

Pancreatic lipase

Question 12

Movement by which the alimentary canal propels its contents

Answer 12

Peristalsis

Question 13

Microvilli that greatly increase the surface area of intestinal mucosal cells

Answer 13

Brush-border

Question 14

Numerous finger-like projections that cover the surface of the small intestine mucosa

Answer 14

Villi

Question 15

A polypeptide hormone secreted from the stomach, small intestine, and pancreas that tends to inhibit other gastrointestinal secretions and motility

Answer 15

Somatostatin

Question 16

Hormone that is produced by the antral mucosa of the stomach and stimulates gastric secretions and motility

Answer 16

Gastrin

Question 17

A protease active only in the acid environment of the stomach serves to change the shape and size of some proteins in a meal

Answer 17

Pepsin

Question 18

The process of fermenting and absorbing end products of dietary carbohydrates, fiber, and amino acids in the large intestine

Answer 18

Colonic salvage

Question 19

Food or concentrate of living organisms that contributes to a healthy microbial environment and suppresses potential harmful microbes

Answer 19

Probiotic

Question 20

Movement of particles via a transport or carrier protein

Answer 20

Facilitated diffusion

Question 21

About what percentage of the mixed American diet is digested and absorbed?

Answer 21

90-97%

Question 22

The mixing of chyme and digestive secretion is

Answer 22

Segmentation

Question 23

The pH of the lumen is too low, gastrin secretion is

Answer 23

Inhibited

Question 24

What inhibits gastrin secretion?

Answer 24

1) Impulse from vagus nerve: smell or sight of food
2) Distention of antrum after eating
3) Presence of secretagogues in antrum: partial digested proteins, fermented alcohol drinks, caffeine, or food extracts (bouillon)

Question 25

``` Which of the following enzymes is secreted by the stomach? Motilin CCK Gastrin Secretin ```

Answer 25

Gastrin

Question 26

Bile is important for the digestion of

Answer 26

Fats

Question 27

What are the 3 proteolytic enzymes?

Answer 27

Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, Pepsin

Question 28

Where are most nutrients absorbed?

Answer 28

Small intestine

Question 29

Carbohydrate digestion begins in the

Answer 29

Mouth

Question 30

What are some good sources of Prebiotics?

Answer 30

Veg: Onions, garlic, asparagus Fruit: Bananas, apples, stone fruits, mangos Grains, legumes, chicory, Jerusalem artichokes, soybeans, and wheat bran

Question 31

What are some good sources of Probiotics?

Answer 31

Fermented food products such as yogurt, miso, sauerkraut, kimchi, and kefir

Question 32

Approximately what volume of colon contents are bacteria?

Answer 32

35-50%

Question 33

Where is bile stored?

Answer 33

The gallbladder

Question 34

What is the current recommendation for fiber consumption?

Answer 34

14g per 1000kcal

Question 35

Where does bacterial fermentation occur?

Answer 35

The large intestine

Question 36

Incretin hormones act to

Answer 36

Lower blood sugar

Question 37

Enzymatic fat digestion begins in the

Answer 37

Mouth