Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pharmacognosy > Ch 1 Intro > Flashcards

Ch 1 Intro Flashcards

1
Q

Pharmacognosy origin and their meaning

A

Pharmakon: drug or poison
Gnosis: acquire knowledge or literally means entire knowledge of drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Pharmacognosy is a study of what?

A

drugs from plant and animal kingdoms and their natural derivatives.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The subject of pharmacognosy branches out to give

A

Pharmacy
Pharmacodynamics
Pharmacotherapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Pharmacy deals with

A

testing, storage, stability and the conversion of crude drugs into suitable medical forms as tablets, syrups,
etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Pharmacodynamics deals with

A

concerned with the action of drugs upon human beings or animal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

dynamic meaning

A

forces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Pharmacotherapy deals with

A

the use of drugs in the treatment of diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what branches are designated to pharmacology

A

Pharmacotherapy
Pharmacodynamics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Pharmacognosy does not include the study of what type of drugs

A

synthetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what methods from other subjects does Pharmacognosy utilize

A

Medicinal Chemistry and/or
Pharmacology methods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

objectives of a pharmacognosist

A
  1. Identification of the source of the materials forming the drug.
  2. Determination of its morphological characters.
  3. Investigation of drug potency and purity from adulterations.
  4. Thinking about the cultivation of important and rare medical plants as well as the methodology of collection and preparation
  5. Characterization of the pharmacology of crude extracts & active constituents
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what became clear in the early 19th century regarding pharmacognosy

A

pharmaceutical properties of plants are due to specific molecules that can be separated and elucidated.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what did early pharmacy deal with

A

which dealt mainly with plants but also with minerals, animals and fungi.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is phytochemistry

A

research on plant chemistry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Ancient Egyptian plants used as drugs

A

Aloes, Gum, Myrrh, Poppy, Pomegranate, Colocynth, Linseed, Squill, Coriander, Onion, Anise, Melon, Castor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Ancient Egyptian time period

A

3000 B.C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

first recorded prescriptions were found where and what were they called

A

in Egyptian tombs. These were the hieratic papyri, Ebers papyrus and the Gynecologic papyrus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The Babylonian medicine was known as and the time period

A

Laws of Hamorabi 772 B.C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

quantity of materials used in Babylonian medicine

A

250 materials of plant, and 180 materials of animal source

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The Ayurveda period

A

Acoko 2000 B.C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

who collected plants in The Ayurveda

A

only by an innocent, pure,
religious person.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The Pen Tsao Kang Moa 1000 B.C. contained what

A

incredible number of
medicinal plants and drugs of animal origin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what did Pythagoras (560 B.C.) use as drugs

A

Mustard and Squill

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

who was galen

A

a physician and to him is ascribed the use of
“Galenical preparations”.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
where were the first beginnings of chemistry found
Islamic writings
26
the word chemistrys origin
derived from an Arabic word "Kemia".
27
first dispensary was opened where and what was it made of
Baghdad, the dispensary was made of Sandal wood and named "Sandalia". Rhazey (850-932 A.C.)
28
what has been described as the most famous medical text ever written
"Canoon Fi Elteb" by Ibn-Sina
29
who was the best Arabian pharmacognosist and botanist.
Ibn Al-Baitar
30
Sources of Crude Drugs from plants
Senna
31
Sources of Crude Drugs from animals
Honey
32
Sources of Crude Drugs from the marine
sponge
33
Sources of Crude Drugs from minerals
talc
34
Origin of plant
including biological and geographical sources, history and name of the drug.
35
Cultivation and preparation of drug
details of cultivation methods, collection, drying, packing and other treatment of the drug during its preparation for the market.
36
character of the plant
including the physical characters such as dimensions, surface characters, fracture and the sensory characters such as color,
37
odor and taste of plant
The histological characters as micro & macro morphological properties.
38
Adulterants meaning
materials added to main drug in order to increase the weight and matter, which has become associated with the drug owing to carelessness in handling during collection, preparation, packing and transport
39
how are Official and Unofficial Drugs classified
OFFICIAL DRUG: is one that is listed and described as being a definite therapeutic agent in the pharmacopoeia.
40
when a drug is recorded in the pharmacopeia what information is needed
1. The official origin 2. Category of the drug 3. Definition and description of the drug 4. Identity test 5. Test for adulteration 6.Methods of assay 7. Packaging and storage requirements 8. Amount of foreign material 9. Collection 10. Preparation 11. Dose
41
Classification of drugs
the drugs are arranged in an alphabetical order.
42
Taxonomic way of classifying drugs
using one of the accepted systems of botanical classification; the drugs are according to the plants from which they are obtained in phyla, orders, families. Genera and species.
43
Morphological way of classifying plants
dividing the drugs into groups e.g. leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds
44
Chemical classifications of plants
Alkaloids Glycosides Tannins Lipids
45
what are alkaloids
they are basic, contain one or more nitrogen atoms and they usually have a marked physiological action on man or animal.
46
Classes of alkaloids
Amine Pyridine and piperidine Quinoline Isoquinoline Indole Tropane
47
example of Amine
ephedrine in ephedra
48
example of Pyridine and piperidine
as lobeline in lobelia
49
example of Quinoline
cinchonine in cinchona
50
example of Isoquinoline
as opium in papaver
51
example of Indole
as strychnine in nux-vomica
52
example of Tropane
as belladonine in belladonna
53
what are Glycosides
organic compounds which hydrolyzed by acids or by special enzymes
54
what chemical group covered the essential part of the active constituents in the medical plants also the most of the physiological effects
glycosides
55
what do glycosides produce after being hydrolyzed by acids or by special enzymes
One type or more of sugars One type or more of non- sugar compounds.
56
what is the sugar part usually in glycosides
the glycon is in the form of -glucose
57
what other types of sugars can the glycon of a glycoside be
rhamnose and digitoxose.
58
what is the non sugar part of the glycoside called
glycone or genin
59
how are glycosides classified
into groups upon the chemical composition of non-sugar part which produced after hydrolysis of glycosides
60
Classes of glycosides:
Steroidal glycosides Anthraquinone glycosides Flavonoid glycosides Thioglycosides (sulphur) Phenolic glycosides Alcoholic glycosides Naphthaquinone glycosides
61
which glycoside is the most important medically
Steroidal glycosides: This group is the most important groups medically due to their effect on the heart as cardiotonic
62
what Steroidal glycosides contain
digitoxin and their family found in the leaves of Digitalis plant
63
what is digitoxin used for
used as muscle heart tonic and regulate their beats
64
another name for steroidal glycosides
cardiotonic glycosides.
65
most important sugars in steroidal glycosides
glucose, rhamnose, digitoxose and cymarose
66
example of de-oxysugars.
digitoxose and cymarose
67
Anthraquinone glycosides affect
laxative action and called laxative glycosides
68
what anthraquinone derivatives don't have laxative affect and what can it cause
The anthraquinone derivatives which not connect with sugars has no laxative action and causes some gastric pains(spasm]
69
The most important glycosides belonging to Anthraquinone glycosides
cascarosides A,B,C&D emodin glycoside
70
emodin glycoside found where
occur in the bark of frangula plant
71
cascarosides A,B,C&D found where
bark of cascara plant
72
what are Flavonoid glycosides also known as and what do they produce
Known as chromone which produce the color
73
most important Flavonoid glycosides
khellin
74
where is khellin found
fruits of Ammivisnaga plant.
75
example of Thioglycosides (sulphur) and where it occurs
inigrin occur in the seeds of Black mustard.
76
where are Phenolic glycosides mostly found
most classes of natural compounds having aromatic units
77
example of Phenolic glycosides and where they occur
Aspidinol which occur in the roots of Male fern plant
78
example of Alcoholic glycosides and where it occurs
salicin which found in Salix plant
79
example of Naphthaquinone glycosides and where its found
Lawson which found in Henna leaf plant.
80
what are Tannins
the astringent substances non-crystalline
81
what happens when tannins are mixed with water
soluble in water to form colloidal solutions possessing an acid reaction and a sharp or astringent taste
82
what is produced when tannins react with ferric salt
form dark blue or greenish black solution
83
what is mixed with tannins to produce a deep red
k-ferricyanide and ammonia
84
what groups of tannins are responsible for their astringent and antiseptic actions
phenelic groups
85
The classification of tannins is based on what
upon colors obtained with iron salts
86
how can a green color be produced with tannins
in the presence of catechol with ferric iron
87
how can a blue color be produced with tannins
presence of pyrogallol
88
Functions of tannins to humans
Uses in the leather dying astringent action colors uses in the manufacturing of inks
89
what happens when tannins combine with living proteins
leads to astringent action
90
hoe can tannins stop diarrhea
astringent action to the intestine
91
how can tannins stop wound bleeding
uses in wounds and burns which leads to stop of bleeding due to astringent action in addition to antiseptic action
92
example of plants containing tannins
he Galls, Tea and Hamamelis
93
Functions of tannins to plants
are the source of energy which consumes from the plant during the metabolism
94
where are tannins usually found in plants
in the specific parts as leaves or stems or barks, also occur in immature fruits but decreases in the mature fruits
95
what are lipids
Are esters of long chain fatty acids and alcohols
96
where do lipids occur in
plants and animals that are relatively soluble in non-polar solvents as ether but insoluble in water.
97
examples of simple lipids
fixed oils fats waxes
98
examples of complex lipids
phosphatides and lecithin
99
examples of complex lipids and what might they contain
phosphatides and lecithin which may contain phosphorus and nitrogen in addition to C, H802.
100
Types of fatty acids
Saturated Unsaturated
101
example of saturated fatty acids
stearic and palmitic acids (commonest fatty acids)

Pharmacognosy (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions