Ch 1 - Introduction To Medical Language Flashcards
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1
Q
what are the purposes of medical language?
A
1) allows for clarity
2) allows for quick communication
3) allows health care professionals to comfort patients
2
Q
what languages make up medical languages?
A
ancient Greek and Latin
3
Q
what is an eponym?
A
“put your name on something” - ex Lou Gehrig’s disease
4
Q
what is an acronym?
A
a word made up of the first letters of each word that make up the phrase (MRI = magnetic resonance imaging)
5
Q
why is ancient Greek and Latin used?
A
1) foundations of Western medicine come from ancient Greece and Rome (ex Hippocratic Oath)
2) Latin was the global language of the scientific revolution (1700s-1900s.) Scholarly papers were written in Latin.
3) Dead languages don’t change
6
Q
what syllable is emphasized in medical terms?
A
the third to last syllable (antepenult) (ex cardiac = KAR/di/ac)
7
Q
penult
A
second to last syllable
8
Q
antepenult
A
before the second to last syllable (third from last syllable)
9
Q
ultima
A
the last syllable
10
Q
what parts make up a medical term?
A
prefix, root, and suffix
11
Q
root
A
foundation or subject of the term
12
Q
suffix
A
ending that gives essential meaning to the term
13
Q
prefix
A
added at the beginning of the word as needed to modify the root
14
Q
arth/o
A
joint (arthritis)
15
Q
cardi/o
A
heart (cardiology)
16
Q
enter/o
A
small intestine (dysentery)
17
Q
gastr/o
A
stomach (gastritis)
18
Q
hepat/o
A
liver (hepatitis)
19
Q
neur/o
A
nerve (neurology)
20
Q
hem/o
A
blood (hemorrhage)
21
Q
hemat/o
A
blood (hematoma)
22
Q
my/o
A
muscle (myalgia)
23
Q
muscul/o
A
muscle (muscular)
24
Q
angi/o
A
vessel (angioplasty)
25
vas/o
vessel (vasospasm)
26
vascul/o
vessel (vasculitis)
27
derm/o
skin (dermis)
28
dermat/o
skin (dermatology)
29
cutane/o
skin (subcutaneous)
30
pneum/o
lung (pneumotomy)
31
pneumon/o
lung (pneumonia)
32
pulmon/o
lung (pulmonologist)
33
gen/o
creation, cause (pathogenic)
34
hydr/o
water (dehydration)
35
morph/o
change (morphology)
36
myc/o
fungus (dermatomycosis)
37
necr/o
death (necrosis)
38
orth/o
straight (orthodontist)
39
path/o
suffering, disease (pathology)
40
phag/o
eat (aphagia)
41
plas/o
formation (hyperplasia)
42
py/o
pus (pyemia)
43
scler/o
hard (scleroderma)
44
sten/o
narrowing (stenosis)
45
troph/o
nourishment, development (hypertrophy)
46
xen/o
foreign (xenograft)
47
-ac
pertaining to (cardiac)
48
-al
pertaining to (skeletal)
49
-ar
pertaining to (muscular)
50
-ary
pertaining to (pulmonary)
51
-eal
pertaining to (esophageal)
52
-ic
pertaining to (medic)
53
-tic
pertaining to (neurotic)
54
-ous
pertaining to (subcutaneous)
55
-ia
condition (pneumonia)
56
-ism
condition (autism)
57
-ium
tissue, structure (pericardium)
58
-y
condition, procedure (hypertrophy)
59
diminutive suffix
transform the term's meaning into a smaller version of the root (ex booklet = little book)
60
-icle
small (ventricle)
61
-ole
small (arteriole)
62
-ule
small (pustule)
63
-ula
small (uvula)
64
complex suffixes
also called compound or combination suffixes (they are put together from other suffixes, roots, and prefixes)
65
-iatrics
medical science (pediatrics)
66
-iatry
psychiatry
67
-iatrist
specialist in the medicine of (psychiatrist)
68
-ist
specialist (dentist)
69
-logist
specialist in the study of (psychologist)
70
-logy
study of (psychology)
71
-algia
pain (myalgia)
72
-dynia
pain (gastrodynia)
73
-cele
hernia (hydrocele
74
-emia
blood condition (leukemia)
75
-iasis
presence of (lithiasis)
76
-itis
inflammation (arthritis)
77
-lysis
loosen, break down (hemolysis)
78
-malacia
abnormal softening (osteomalacia)
79
-megaly
enlargement (hepatomegaly)
80
-oid
resembling (keloid)
81
-oma
tumor (melanoma)
82
-osis
condition (thrombosis)
83
-pathy
disease (myopathy)
84
-penia
deficiency (leukopenia)
85
-ptosis
drooping (nephroptosis)
86
-rrhage
excessive flow (hemorrhage)
87
-rrhagia
excessive flow (menorrhagia)
88
-rrhea
flow (diarrhea)
89
-rrhexis
rupture (metrorrhexis)
90
-spasm
rupture (metrorrhexis)
91
-spasm
involuntary contraction (myospasm)
92
-centesis
puncture (amniocentesis)
93
-gram
written record (cardiogram)
94
-graph
instrument used to produce a record (cardiograph)
95
-graphy
writing procedure (cardiography)
96
-meter
instrument used to measure (cephalometer)
97
-metry
process of measuring (cephalometry)
98
-scope
instrument used to look (arthroscope)
99
-scopy
process of looking (arthroscopy)
100
-desis
binding, fixation (arthrodesis)
101
-ectomy
removal (vasectomy)
102
-pexy
surgical fixation (retinopexy)
103
-plasty
reconstruction (rhinoplasty)
104
-rrhaphy
suture (herniorrhaphy)
105
-stomy
creation of an opening (colostomy)
106
-tomy
incision (dermotomy)
107
plural form of -a
-ae (larva, larvae)
108
plural form of -ax
-aces (thorax, thoraces)
109
plural form of -ex
-ices (cortex, cortices)
110
plural form of -ix
-ices (appendix, appendices)
111
plural form of -is
-es (neurosis, neuroses)
112
plural form of -ma
-mata (carcinoma, carcinomata)
113
plural form of -on
-a (ganglion, ganglia)
114
plural form of -um
-a (ovum, ova)
115
plural form of -us
-i (nucleus, nuclei)
116
plural form of -y
-ies (biopsy, biopsies)
117
a-
not (aphasia)
118
an-
not (anemia)
119
anti-
against (antibiotics)
120
contra-
against (contraceptive)
121
ante-
before
122
pre-
before
123
pro-
before, on behalf of (probiotic)
124
brady-
slow (bradycardia)
125
tachy-
fast (tachycardia)
126
post-
after
127
re-
again
128
ab-
away (abduct)
129
ad-
toward (adrenaline)
130
circum-
around
131
peri-
around
132
dia-
through (diagnostic)
133
trans-
through (translate)
134
e-
out (evoke)
135
ec-
out (ectopic)
136
ex-
out (exhale)
137
ecto-
outside (ectoderm)
138
exo-
outside (exoskeleton)
139
extra-
outside
140
en-
in, inside (enema)
141
endo-
in, inside (endocrine)
142
intra-
in, inside (intravenous)
143
epi-
upon (epididymus)
144
sub-
beneath (subcutaneous)
145
inter-
between (intercostal)
146
bi-
two (bilateral)
147
hemi-
half (hemiplegia)
148
semi-
half (semilunar)
149
hyper-
over (hyperthermia)
150
hypo-
under (hypothermia)
151
macro-
large
152
micro-
small
153
mono-
one
154
uni-
one
155
oligo-
few (oligomenorrhea)
156
pan-
all (pancytopenia)
157
poly-
many
158
multi-
many (multicellular)
159
con-
with, together (congestion)
160
syn-
with, together (syndrome)
161
sym-
with, together (symmetry)
162
dys-
bad (dysentery)
163
eu-
good (euphoria)
164
what is a combining vowel?
usually, /o or /i, makes it easier to combine the root with other root parts (cardi/o, the "/o" is the combining vowel)
165
when is the combining vowel used?
1) to combine the root + suffix beginning wtih a consonant (splen/o + megaly = splenomegaly)
2) to combine two roots together (hepat/o + splen/o + megaly = hepatosplenomegaly)
3) to combine two roots together even when the 2nd one starts with a vowel (gastr/o + enter/o + logy = gastroenterology)
166
when is a combining vowel NOT used?
to join a root to a suffix that starts with a vowel (my/o + algia = myalgia)
167
what is the order to use when translating medical terms?
1) suffix first (provides additional context)
2) prefix (if one is present)
3) root (or roots)
(example: arthritis > arthr/itis > joint/inflammation > inflammation of the joint)
