Ch. 1. Making New Bodies

Question 1

Development

Answer 1

The process of progressive and continuous change that generates a complex multicellular organism from a single cell. Development occurs throughout embryogenesis, maturation to the adult form, and continues into senescence.

The processes of development include fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation, organogenesis, metamorphosis, regeneration, and senescence.

Question 2

Zygote

Answer 2

A fertilized egg with a diploid chromosomal complement in its zygote nucleus generated by fusion of the haploid male and female pronuclei.

Question 3

Embryology

Question 4

Developmental biology

Answer 4

The discipline that studies embryonic and other developmental processes, such as replacement of old cells by new, regeneration, metamorphosis, aging, and development of disease states such as cancer.

Question 5

Differentiation

Answer 5

The process by which an unspecialized cell becomes specialized into one of the many cell types that make up the body.

Question 6

Morphogenesis

Answer 6

The organization of the cells of the body into functional structures via coordinated cell growth, cell migration, and cell death.

Question 7

Stem cell

Answer 7

A relatively undifferentiated cell from the embryo, fetus, or adult, that divides and when it does so, produces (1) one cell that retains its undifferentiated character and remains in the stem cell niche; and (2) a second cell that leaves the niche and can undergo one or more paths of differentiation.

Question 8

Embryogenesis

Answer 8

The stages of development between fertilization and hatching (or birth).

Question 9

Fertilization

Answer 9

Fusion of male and female gametes followed by fusion of the haploid gamete nuclei to restore the full complement of chromosomes characteristic of the species and initiation in the egg cytoplasm of those reactions that permit development to proceed.

Question 10

Gametes

Question 11

Pronuclei

Question 12

Genome

Question 13

Cleavage

Question 14

Blastomeres

Question 15

Blastula

Question 16

Gastrulation

Question 17

Gastrula

Question 18

Germ layers (endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm)

Question 19

Endoderm

Question 20

Ectoderm

Question 21

Mesoderm

Question 22

Organogenesis

Question 23

Metamorphosis

Question 24

Larva

Question 25

Germ cells

Question 26

Somatic cells

Question 27

Gametogenesis

Question 28

Blastopore

Question 29

Notochord

Question 30

Neurula

Question 31

Neural tube

Question 32

Somites

Question 33

Meiosis

Question 34

Oviparity

Question 35

Viviparity

Question 36

Ovoviviparity

Question 37

Holoblastic

Question 38

Meroblastic

Question 39

Epigenesis

Question 40

Preformationism

Question 41

Blastomeres

Question 42

Vegetal pole

Question 43

Animal pole

Question 44

Isolethical

Question 45

Holoblastic

Question 46

Merioblastic cleavage

Question 47

Centrolethical

Question 48

Superficial cleavage

Question 49

Telolethical

Question 50

Discoidal cleavage

Question 51

Holoblastic cleavage

Question 52

Gastrulation

Question 53

Invagination

Question 54

Involution

Question 55

Ingression

Question 56

Delamination

Question 57

Epiboly

Question 58

Anterior-posterior (AP or anteroposterior) axis

Question 59

Dorsal-ventral (DV or dorsoventral) axis

Question 60

Right-left axis

Question 61

Pharyngeal arches

Question 62

Epithelial cells

Question 63

Mesenchymal cells

Question 64

Apoptosis

Question 65

Cell lineages

Question 66

Fate map

Question 67

Vital dyes

Question 68

Fluorescent dyes

Question 69

Chimeric embryos

Question 70

Neural crest

Question 71

Green fluorescent protein (GFP)

Question 72

Transgene

Question 73

Homologous

Question 74

Analogous

Question 75

Malformations

Question 76

Syndrome

Question 77

Disruptions

Question 78

Teratogens