Ch 1 On farm Milk Production

Question 1

What is PMO?

Answer 1

Pasteurized Milk Ordinance

Question 2

The PMO defines milk as:

Answer 2

The lacteal secretion, practically free of colostrum, obtained by the complete milking of one or more healthy cows, goats, sheep, water buffalo or other hooves animals.

Question 3

What Code in the Code of Federal Regulations covers milk used in cheese production?

Answer 3

21 C.F.R. 133.3

Question 4

What are processors who receive raw milk required to test for in their facilities?

Answer 4

Must test for antibiotics

Question 5

What is the allowed bacterial limit for Grade A raw milk?

Answer 5

100,000 per ml

Question 6

What is the allowed bacterial limit for Grade B raw milk?

Answer 6

300,000 per ml

Question 7

The bacterial range for “good milking practices” should be

Answer 7

1,000-10,000 per ml

Question 8

Who should be excluded from processing plant activities until thoroughly cleaned and changed clothes?

Answer 8

Livestock employees

Question 9

What are 4 bacteria that can be easily transmitted from a barn environment to a processing facility if not cleaned thoroughly?

Answer 9

Listeria Monocytogenes
Salmonella
Enterohemorraghic E Coli
Campylobacter jejuni

Question 10

What are options of PPE used in processing plants?

Answer 10

Dedicated footwear
Disposable foot coverings

Question 11

What are methods that processors can use on the floor to assist with good safety?

Answer 11

Sanitary foot bath
Foam
Crystals

Question 12

What part of the milking facility should be completely separate from the milking barn or parlor?

Answer 12

The milk house

Question 13

What is the milk house?

Answer 13

The area in the milk processing plant where milk is cooled and stored.

Question 14

Where should the milk processing facility never be located?

Answer 14

• Hay barn or animal feed barn storage
• away from manure handling or animal assembly areas

Question 15

In regards to barn design for the housing of animals, what materials can be used?

Answer 15

Must be easily cleaned
- cement (swept and scraped to remove manure)
- metal siding
- poly based dairy board
- wood; only used as a support system and not allowed to get wet.

Question 16

What training should livestock employees undergo as a method of food safety?

Answer 16

• preparing animals for milking
• milking procedures
• barn cleaning procedures
• steps to prevent chemical contamination to milk

Question 17

What human pathogen can be passed via sick animals, specifically with milk production?

Answer 17

Salmonella

Question 18

What is the major causative agent for mastitis?

Answer 18

Streptococcus agalactiae
(Not a human pathogen)

Coliform bacteria

Question 19

If food borne pathogens are found in milk, what is the likely source?

Answer 19

Secretion from udder of infected animal OR
direct cross contamination from area within the dairy farm environment

Question 20

If an animal is sick or on antibiotics, how should their milk be handled?

Answer 20

• milked last or with completely separate equipment
• milk must be discarded

Question 21

What is a strip cup?

Answer 21

Vessel used to help determine abnormalities in milk

Any flakes, lumps, strings present on the fine mesh of the cup

Question 22

What is SCC?

Answer 22

Somatic Cell Count

A high SCC count can be an indicator of mammary gland infection

Question 23

What are the maximum SCC count levels for Cows, Goats and Sheep in the US, as outlined by the PMO?

Answer 23

Cows - 750,000 per ml
Sheep - 750,000 per ml
Goats - 1,500,000 per ml

Question 24

What are the maximum SCC count levels for Cows in the UK?

Answer 24

400,000 per ml

*good to know if you wished to export milk/cheese to UK

Question 25

______ is any infectious disease that can be transmitted from non-human animals (either wild or domestic) to humans.

Answer 25

Zoonosis If from humans to animals; Reverse Zoonosis

Question 26

What impact can Somatic cells have on cheese, other than the food safety implications?

Answer 26

-increase in unwanted proteolysis and lipolysis - reduced lactose concentration - increased Sodium and Chloride levels In general, Off flavors, lower milk yields and shelf life

Question 27

What are methods to help keep animals comfortable during milking?

Answer 27

Reduce stress, especially in warm weather by: - sprinklers - ventilation fans - sidewall openings - ridge ventilation

Question 28

What directly affects animal hygiene?

Answer 28

The animal’s environment

Question 29

What inorganic bedding is the best for reducing pathogen numbers?

Answer 29

Fine, washed sand

Question 30

How often should udder hair be removed?

Answer 30

At least twice yearly

Question 31

What steps should be taken to help ensure barnyards stay dry?

Answer 31

Grade the barns so that standing water is limited and allows for good drainage Don’t place water troughs on or near bedded areas

Question 32

What premilking step is important in reducing the number of bacteria?

Answer 32

Teat-end disinfection (pre dipping)

Question 33

When applying disinfectant before milking, what area of the cow should be the focus?

Answer 33

Only the teats - NOT the complete udder

Question 34

If washing the animal before teat disinfection, what are the steps?

Answer 34

1. Wash only the teats 2. Use minimal water 3. Dry thoroughly (can use paper or sanitized cloth towel-ONLY ONE PER COW)

Question 35

Before milking, what should the teats of the animal be?

Answer 35

Clean and Dry

Question 36

How long should the animals teat be dipped in disinfectant?

Answer 36

20-30 seconds

Question 37

How often should gloves be changed when milking?

Answer 37

At least once per milking

Question 38

What are the pre milking steps

Answer 38

Dip Strip Dry Apply (the milking apparatus)

Question 39

After milking, what should happen to the milk before cooling?

Answer 39

Pass through a clean filter to remove any matter that may have inadvertently contaminated milk during milking

Question 40

The surfaces of all milking equipment should be:

Answer 40

- smooth - readily cleanable - can drain easily after cleaning