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ch 1 preview Flashcards

1
Q

cell

A

basic unity of biology

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2
Q

robert hooke

A

observed compartments in cork under a microscope
he had observed the compartments formed by cell walls of dead plant tissue

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3
Q

antonie van leeuwenhoek

A

produced better lenses that magnified up to 300x
- first to see moving single cells known as bacteria, sperm, and unicellular protozoa - called them “animalcules”

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4
Q

two factors that restricted progress in early cell biology

A
  • limited resolution (resolving power)
  • descriptive nature of cell bio, all observation no explanation
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5
Q

compound microscopes

A

2 lenses
increased magnification and resolution

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6
Q

robert brown

A

identified the nucleus

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7
Q

matthias scheidon

A

concluded that all plant tissues are composed of cells

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8
Q

theodor schwann

A

concluded that all animal tissues are composed of cells

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9
Q

cell theory

A

proposed by schwann
2 basic principles:
- all organisms consist of one or more cells
- the cell is the basic unit of structure for all organisms
virchow added a third:
- all cells arise only from preexisting cells

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10
Q

3 strands that weave into cell biology

A

cytology
biochemistry
genetics

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11
Q

cytology

A

focuses mainly on cellular structure and emphasizes optical techniques

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12
Q

biochemistry

A

focuses on cellular structure and function

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13
Q

genetics

A

focuses on info flow and heredity, includes sequencing of the entire genome in numerous organisms

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14
Q

micrometer (um)

A

one-millionth of a meter (10^-6)

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15
Q

nanometer (nm)

A

one-billionth of a meter (10^-9)

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16
Q

light microscope

A

earliest tool
aka brightfield microscopy
identified membrane-bound structures such as nuclei, mitochondria, and chloroplasts
- samples are dead, fixed, and stained

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17
Q

microtome

A

allowed preparation of very thin slices of samples
improved the limit of resolution

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18
Q

dual staining

A

allows acidic molecules to appear blue and basic molecules to appear pink

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19
Q

immunostaining

A

allowed labelled antibodies to reveal the presence of specific molecules

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20
Q

phase-contrast/differential interference contrast microscopy

A

see living cells clearly
exploits the differences in the phase of light passing through a structure with a refractive index different than the surrounding medium

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21
Q

fluorescence microscopy

A

detect specific proteins, DNA sequences, or other molecules that are made fluorescent by coupling them to a fluorescent dye or protein or binding them to a fluorescently labeled antibody

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22
Q

confocal microscopy

A

uses a laser beam to illuminate a single plane of a fluorescently labeled specimen
allows 2D images from multiple layers to be combined into a 3D image

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23
Q

digital video microscopy

A

uses video cameras to collect digital images

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24
Q

limit of resolution

A

how far apart objects must be to appear as distinct

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25
resolving power
ability to see fine details the smaller the microscopes limit of resolution, the greater its resolving power
26
electron microscope
relies of a beam of electrons rather than light limit of resolution is about 100x better than light microscopes magnification up to 100 000x
27
scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
the surface of a specimen is scanned by detecting electrons deflected from the outer surface
28
louis pasteur
showed that yeasts could ferment sugar into alcohol 1860s
29
eduard buchner
showed that yeast extracts could ferment sugar into alcohol, providing that cells was not a requirement
30
gustav embden, otto meyerhof, otto warburg, hand krebs
glycolysis and krebs cycle
31
fritz lipmann
ATP is the principal energy storage compound in most cells
32
melvin calvin
calvin cycle
33
radioactive isotopes
trace the fate of specific atoms and molecules
34
subcellular fractionation
uses centrifugation to separate/isolate different structures and macromolecules
35
chromatography
techniques to separate molecules from a solution based on size, charge, or chemical affinity
36
electrophoresis
uses an electrical field to move proteins, DNA, or RNA molecules through a medium based on size/charge
37
mass spectrometry
used to determine the size and composition of individual proteins
38
Gregor Mendel
1866 laid foundation for understanding the passage of hereditary factors
39
walther fleming
1880 identified chromosomes called process of cell division mitosis
40
wilhelm roux and august weisman
suggested that chromosomes carried the genetic material - chromosome number was shown to remain constant from generation to generation
41
chromosome theory of heredity
proposed that the hereditary factors responsible for Mendelian inheritance are located on the chromosomes within the nucleus Carl Correns, Ernst von Tschermak, Hugo de Vries
42
Morgan, Bridges, Sturtevant
1920s connected specific traits to specific chromosomes on fruit fly
43
friedrich miescher
1869 first isolated DNA
44
Avery, MacLeod, McCarty
1940s DNA is the genetic material
45
beadle and tatum
formulated the one gene-one enzyme concept
46
Watson, Crick, Franklin
1953 double helix model for DNA structure
47
central dogma of molecular biology
DNA replication -> transcription -> translation
48
recombinant DNA technology
uses restriction enzymes to cut DNA at specific places, allowing scientists to create recombinant DNA molecules with DNA from different sources
49
DNA cloning
generation of many copies of a specific DNA sequence
50
DNA transformation
the process of introducing DNA into cells
51
DNA sequencing
used for rapidly determining the base sequences of DNA molecules
52
bioinformatics
merges computer science with biology to organize and interpret enormous amounts of sequencing and other data
53
genomics
the study of all genes of an organims
54
proteomics
the study of the functions and interactions of all the proteins present in a particular cell
55
transcitptomics
the study of all genes transcribed in a cell
56
metabolomics
the analysis of all metabolic reactions happening at a given time in a cell
57
lipidomics
study of all the lipids in a cell
58
ionomics
study of all the ions in a cell
59
CRISPR
clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats - used extensively for genome editing - discovered as a prokaryotic defense against viral infection
60
guide RNA
short nucleotide that is needed for when there is a double stranded break in the genome
61
homology directed repair
when a repair template is included in the cell repair process
62
facts
provisional pieces of info an attempt to state our best current understanding of the world, based on observations and experiments
63
in vivo
experiments involve living organisms
64
in vitro
experiments done outside the living organism

Cell Biology (7 decks)

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