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AP Psychology > Ch 1 Psychology's History, Approaches, and Careers > Flashcards

Ch 1 Psychology's History, Approaches, and Careers Flashcards

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1
Q

Edward Titchener

A

Structuralism

  • introspection
  • Student of Wundt’s; structuralism
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2
Q

Ancient Greeks: (3)

A

Socrates, Plato and Aristotle

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3
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

1st Psychology Lab, Structuralism

Reaction time experiment

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4
Q

William James

A

Functionalism

1st Psychology Textbook

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5
Q

Mary Calkins & Margaret Floy Washburn

A

Experimental psychology
Margaret Washburn: 1st women Psychology Ph.D.
Mary Whiton Calkins: 1st women President of the American Psychology Association

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6
Q

John B. Watson

A

Behaviorism

“Little Albert”

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7
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

Behaviorism

  • “study of observable behavior”
  • conditioning
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8
Q

Carl Rogers & Abraham Maslow

A

Humanistic psychology

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9
Q

Psychology

A
  • Science
  • Behavior
  • Mental processes
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10
Q

Charles Darwin

A

Nature-nurture issue
Natural selection
Evolution

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11
Q

Approaches/Perspectives (7)

A 
Behavioral perspective
Biological perspective
Cognitive perspective
Evolutionary perspective
Humanistic perspective
Psychodynamic perspective
Social-cultural perspective
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12
Q

Basic Research Subfields

A

-Cognitive psychologists
-Developmental psychologists
-Educational psychologists
-Experimental psychologists
-Psychometric and Quantitative
Psychologists
-Social psychologists

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13
Q

Applied Research Subfields

A
  • Forensic psychologists
  • Health psychologists
  • Industrial/organizational (I/O)
  • psychologists
  • Neuropsychologists
  • Rehabilitation psychologists
  • School psychologists
  • Sport psychologists
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14
Q

The Helping Professions

A
  • Clinical psychologists
  • Community psychologists
  • Counseling psychologists
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15
Q

Empiricism

A

the view that knowledge originates in
experience and that science should,
therefore, rely on observation and
experimentation

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16
Q

Structuralism

A

early school of thought promoted by
Wundt and Titchner; used introspection to
reveal the structure of the human mind

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17
Q

Functionalism

A 
a school of thought promoted by James
and influenced by Darwin; explored how
mental and behavioral processes function
– how they enable the organism to adapt,
survive, and flourish.
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18
Q

Experimental Psychology

A

the study of behavior and thinking using

the experimental method.

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19
Q

Behaviorism

A

the view that psychology (1) should be an
objective science that (2) studies behavior
without reference to mental processes.
-Most research psychologists today agree
with (1) but not with (2).

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20
Q

Humanistic Psychology

A

a historically significant perspective that
emphasized the growth potential of
healthy people.

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21
Q

Cognitive Neuroscience

A

the interdisciplinary study of the brain
activity linked with cognition (including
perception, thinking, memory, and
language).

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22
Q

Psychology (def)

A

the science of behavior and mental processes.

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23
Q

Nature-Nurture Issue

A

the longstanding controversy over the
relative contributions that genes and
experience make to the development of
psychological traits and behaviors.
-Today’s science sees traits and behaviors
arising from the interaction of nature and
nurture.

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24
Q

Natural Selection

Study These Flashcards
A

the principle that, among the range of
inherited trait variations, those contributing
to reproduction and survival will most likely
be passed on to succeeding generations.

25
Levels of Analysis
the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon.
26
Biopsychosocial Approach
an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis.
27
Behavioral Psychology
the scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning.
28
Biological Psychology
the scientific study of the links between biological (genetic, neural, hormonal) and psychological processes. Some biological psychologists call themselves -behavioral neuroscientists, -neuropsychologists, -behavior geneticists, -physiological psychologists, or -biopsychologists.
29
Cognitive Psychology
the scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
30
Evolutionary Psychology
the study of the evolution of behavior and | mind, using principles of natural selection.
31
Psychodynamic Psychology
a branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders.
32
Social-Cultural Psychology
the study of how situations and cultures | affect our behavior and thinking.
33
Psychometrics
the scientific study of the measurement of | human abilities, attitudes, and traits.
34
Basic Research
pure science that aims to increase the | scientific knowledge base.
35
Developmental Psychology
a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span.
36
Educational Psychology
the study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning.
37
Personality Psychology
the study of an individual’s characteristic | pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.
38
Social Psychology
the scientific study of how we think about, | influence, and relate to one another.
39
Applied Research
scientific study that aims to solve practical | problems.
40
Industrial-Organizational (I/O) Psychologists
the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces.
41
Human Factors Psychologists
an I/O subfield that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use.
42
Counseling Psychology
a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, and marriage) and in achieving greater well-being.
43
Clinical Psychology
a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treat people with psychological disorders.
44
Psychiatry
``` a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who often provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy. ```
45
Positive Psychology
the scientific study of human functioning, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive.
46
Community Psychology
a branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups.
47
Testing Effect
enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading information. -also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning.
48
SQ3R
a study method incorporating five steps; Survey, Question, Read, Rehearse, Review.
49
Aristotle
Greek philosopher who proposed theories to explain many aspects of human behavior; supported the empiricist view that all knowledge comes from sensory experiences
50
Sigmund Freud
Psychoanalysis, Psychodynamic, Unconscious
51
Ivan Pavlov
Behaviorist | Conditioning
52
Evolutionary Approach | focus?
Focus: how nature selects traits that promote the perpetuation of one's genes. Survival. Influenced by Charles Darwin
53
Psychoanalytical Approach | focus?
Focus: how behavior springs from UNCONSCIOUS drives & conflicts - early childhood - dreams - Sigmund Freud
54
Biological Approach | focus?
Focus: how the body and brain create emotion, memories, and sensory experiences - brain structures, blood chemistry, neural communication - Roger Sperry, Michael Gazzaniga, Paul Broca
55
Cognitive Approach | focus?
Focus: how we encode, process, store, and retrieve info | -Jean Piget, Elizabeth Loftus
56
Behavioral Approach | focus?
Focus: learning based on how a behavior is rewarded or punished -John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner, Ivan Pavlov
57
Humanistic Approach | focus?
Focus: emphasizes that we have great freedom in directing our future, a large capacity for growth, intrinsic worth, and self-actualization -Abraham Maslow (pyramid) & Carl Rogers
58
Social-Cultural Approach | focus?
Focus: how behavior & thinking vary across situations & cultures -Albert Bandura, Phillip Zimbardo
59
Structuralism vs functionalism
Structuralism: what the mind processes Functionalism: he we the mind processes

AP Psychology (3 decks)

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